图示为曲线 y=14x2−12ln⁡(x3)y = \frac{1}{4}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) 的一部分,且 P(3, 2.25)P(3,\,2.25) 是该曲线上的一点。

  1. (a)

    利用微积分,写出完整的计算过程,判断 y=43x−1y = \frac{4}{3}x - 1 是否为曲线在点 PP 处的切线方程。

  2. (b)

    求 xln⁡(x3)−xx\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right)-x 对 xx 的导数。

  3. (c)

    利用第 (b) 小题的结果,求由曲线 y=14x2−12ln⁡(x3)y=\frac{1}{4}x^2-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right)、x 轴、直线 x=1x=1 以及直线 x=3x=3 所围成区域的面积的精确值。

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完整解法

12(a)

1. Differentiate the equation of the curve with respect to $x$.

y=14x2−12ln⁡(x3)y = \frac{1}{4}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right)
dydx=12x−12(1x3)(13)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}x - \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{1}{\frac{x}{3}} \right) \left( \frac{1}{3} \right)
dydx=12x−12x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}x - \frac{1}{2x}

2. Find the gradient of the tangent at $P(3, 2.25)$.

Substitute x=3x = 3 into dydx\frac{dy}{dx}:
Gradient, m=12(3)−12(3)\text{Gradient, } m = \frac{1}{2}(3) - \frac{1}{2(3)}
m=32−16=96−16=86=43m = \frac{3}{2} - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{9}{6} - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{8}{6} = \frac{4}{3}

3. Find the equation of the tangent at $P$.

Using the point-gradient form y−y1=m(x−x1)y - y_1 = m(x - x_1) with P(3,2.25)P(3, 2.25):
y−2.25=43(x−3)y - 2.25 = \frac{4}{3}(x - 3)
y−94=43x−4y - \frac{9}{4} = \frac{4}{3}x - 4
y=43x−4+94y = \frac{4}{3}x - 4 + \frac{9}{4}
y=43x−74y = \frac{4}{3}x - \frac{7}{4}

4. Compare with the given equation and conclude.

Since y=43x−74y = \frac{4}{3}x - \frac{7}{4} is not the same as y=43x−1y = \frac{4}{3}x - 1, the given equation is not the equation of the tangent.

答案

No, the equation of the tangent is y=43x−74y = \frac{4}{3}x - \frac{7}{4}.

12(b)

1. Apply the product rule to differentiate the first term and differentiate the second term

ddx[xln⁡(x3)−x]=[(1)ln⁡(x3)+x(1x3)(13)]−1\frac{d}{dx}\left[x\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) - x\right] = \left[ (1)\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) + x\left(\frac{1}{\frac{x}{3}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{3}\right) \right] - 1

2. Simplify the expression

=ln⁡(x3)+x(3x)(13)−1= \ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) + x\left(\frac{3}{x}\right)\left(\frac{1}{3}\right) - 1
=ln⁡(x3)+1−1= \ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) + 1 - 1
=ln⁡(x3)= \ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right)

答案

ln⁡(x3)\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right)

12(c)

1. Set up the definite integral for the area

Area=∫13(14x2−12ln⁡(x3))dx\text{Area} = \int_{1}^{3} \left( \frac{1}{4}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) \right) dx

2. Integrate the expression using the result from part (b)

From (b), ∫ln⁡(x3)dx=xln⁡(x3)−x\int \ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) dx = x\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) - x.

∫(14x2−12ln⁡(x3))dx=x312−12(xln⁡(x3)−x)\int \left( \frac{1}{4}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) \right) dx = \frac{x^3}{12} - \frac{1}{2}\left( x\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) - x \right)

3. Evaluate the definite integral by substituting the limits

Area=[x312−12(xln⁡(x3)−x)]13\text{Area} = \left[ \frac{x^3}{12} - \frac{1}{2}\left( x\ln\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) - x \right) \right]_{1}^{3}

Substitute x=3x = 3:
3312−12(3ln⁡(1)−3)=2712−12(0−3)=94+32=154\frac{3^3}{12} - \frac{1}{2}\left( 3\ln(1) - 3 \right) = \frac{27}{12} - \frac{1}{2}(0 - 3) = \frac{9}{4} + \frac{3}{2} = \frac{15}{4}

Substitute x=1x = 1:
1312−12(1ln⁡(13)−1)=112−12(−ln⁡3−1)=112+12ln⁡3+12=712+12ln⁡3\frac{1^3}{12} - \frac{1}{2}\left( 1\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right) - 1 \right) = \frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{2}(-\ln 3 - 1) = \frac{1}{12} + \frac{1}{2}\ln 3 + \frac{1}{2} = \frac{7}{12} + \frac{1}{2}\ln 3

Area=154−(712+12ln⁡3)\text{Area} = \frac{15}{4} - \left( \frac{7}{12} + \frac{1}{2}\ln 3 \right)
=4512−712−12ln⁡3= \frac{45}{12} - \frac{7}{12} - \frac{1}{2}\ln 3
=3812−12ln⁡3= \frac{38}{12} - \frac{1}{2}\ln 3
=196−12ln⁡3= \frac{19}{6} - \frac{1}{2}\ln 3

答案

196−12ln⁡3\frac{19}{6} - \frac{1}{2}\ln 3

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