已知一条曲线的方程为 y=2x−33x+4y = \frac{2x - 3}{3x + 4},其中 x≠−43x \ne -\frac{4}{3}。
曲线在点 PP(其中 x>0x > 0)处的法线平行于直线 y=−2517x+2y = -\frac{25}{17}x + 2。求点 PP 的坐标。
证明函数 y=43x3−x2+3x−10y = \frac{4}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x - 10 对于所有实数 xx 始终是单调递增的。

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完整解法

5(a)

1. Find the gradient of the tangent from the given normal line.

The normal is parallel to y=−2517x+2y = -\frac{25}{17}x + 2, so the gradient of the normal is −2517-\frac{25}{17}.
Let the gradient of the tangent be mm.
m×(−2517)=−1m \times \left(-\frac{25}{17}\right) = -1
m=1725m = \frac{17}{25}

2. Differentiate the equation of the curve to find the gradient function.

y=2x−33x+4y = \frac{2x - 3}{3x + 4}
Using the quotient rule:
dydx=2(3x+4)−3(2x−3)(3x+4)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2(3x + 4) - 3(2x - 3)}{(3x + 4)^2}
dydx=6x+8−6x+9(3x+4)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{6x + 8 - 6x + 9}{(3x + 4)^2}
dydx=17(3x+4)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{17}{(3x + 4)^2}

3. Equate the gradient function to the gradient of the tangent and solve for $x$.

17(3x+4)2=1725\frac{17}{(3x + 4)^2} = \frac{17}{25}
(3x+4)2=25(3x + 4)^2 = 25
3x+4=5or3x+4=−53x + 4 = 5 \quad \text{or} \quad 3x + 4 = -5
3x=1or3x=−93x = 1 \quad \text{or} \quad 3x = -9
x=13orx=−3x = \frac{1}{3} \quad \text{or} \quad x = -3
Since x>0x > 0, we reject x=−3x = -3 and take x=13x = \frac{1}{3}.

4. Find the corresponding $y$-coordinate of $P$.

Substitute x=13x = \frac{1}{3} into the equation of the curve:
y=2(13)−33(13)+4y = \frac{2(\frac{1}{3}) - 3}{3(\frac{1}{3}) + 4}
y=23−31+4y = \frac{\frac{2}{3} - 3}{1 + 4}
y=−735=−715y = \frac{-\frac{7}{3}}{5} = -\frac{7}{15}
The coordinates of PP are (13,−715)\left(\frac{1}{3}, -\frac{7}{15}\right).

答案

P(13,−715)P\left(\frac{1}{3}, -\frac{7}{15}\right)

5(b)

1. Find the first derivative of the function.

dydx=ddx(43x3−x2+3x−10)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(\frac{4}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x - 10)
dydx=4x2−2x+3\frac{dy}{dx} = 4x^2 - 2x + 3

2. Complete the square for the derivative to show it is always positive.

dydx=4(x2−12x)+3\frac{dy}{dx} = 4(x^2 - \frac{1}{2}x) + 3
=4[(x−14)2−(14)2]+3= 4[(x - \frac{1}{4})^2 - (\frac{1}{4})^2] + 3
=4(x−14)2−4(116)+3= 4(x - \frac{1}{4})^2 - 4(\frac{1}{16}) + 3
=4(x−14)2−14+3= 4(x - \frac{1}{4})^2 - \frac{1}{4} + 3
=4(x−14)2+114= 4(x - \frac{1}{4})^2 + \frac{11}{4}

3. Conclude that the derivative is always positive, hence the function is always increasing.

Since (x−14)2≥0(x - \frac{1}{4})^2 \ge 0 for all real xx,
4(x−14)2+114≥114>04(x - \frac{1}{4})^2 + \frac{11}{4} \ge \frac{11}{4} > 0.
Since dydx>0\frac{dy}{dx} > 0 for all real xx, the function yy is always increasing.

答案

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