图示为曲线 y=3e−12x−6y = 3e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} - 6 的一部分,该曲线与 xx 轴相交于点 PP,与 yy 轴相交于点 QQ。曲线在点 QQ 处的法线与 xx 轴交于点 RR。求

  1. (a)

    法线的方程,

  2. (b)

    阴影区域的面积。

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完整解法

10(a)

1. Find the coordinates of $Q$ (y-intercept)

At QQ, x=0x = 0.
y=3e−12(0)−6=3(1)−6=−3y = 3e^{-\frac{1}{2}(0)} - 6 = 3(1) - 6 = -3.
So QQ is (0,−3)(0, -3).

2. Differentiate the equation of the curve to find the gradient function

dydx=3(−12)e−12x=−32e−12x\frac{dy}{dx} = 3 \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} = -\frac{3}{2}e^{-\frac{1}{2}x}

3. Find the gradient of the tangent and normal at $Q$

At QQ (x=0x = 0),
Gradient of tangent, mt=−32e0=−32m_t = -\frac{3}{2}e^0 = -\frac{3}{2}.
Gradient of normal, mn=−1mt=23m_n = -\frac{1}{m_t} = \frac{2}{3}.

4. Find the equation of the normal

Equation of normal at (0,−3)(0, -3) with gradient 23\frac{2}{3}:
y−(−3)=23(x−0)y - (-3) = \frac{2}{3}(x - 0)
y=23x−3y = \frac{2}{3}x - 3

答案

y=2x−3y = 2x - 3

10(b)

1. Find the coordinates of P (x-intercept of the curve)

At PP, y=0y = 0:
3e−12x−6=03e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} - 6 = 0
e−12x=2e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} = 2
−12x=ln⁡2-\frac{1}{2}x = \ln 2
x=−2ln⁡2x = -2\ln 2
So PP is (−2ln⁡2,0)(-2\ln 2, 0).

2. Find the coordinates of Q (y-intercept of the curve)

At QQ, x=0x = 0:
y=3e0−6=3−6=−3y = 3e^{0} - 6 = 3 - 6 = -3
So QQ is (0,−3)(0, -3).

3. Find the gradient of the curve at Q and the equation of the normal

dydx=3(−12)e−12x=−32e−12x\frac{dy}{dx} = 3(-\frac{1}{2})e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} = -\frac{3}{2}e^{-\frac{1}{2}x}
At x=0x = 0, dydx=−32\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{3}{2}.
Gradient of normal at QQ is 23\frac{2}{3}.
Equation of normal: y−(−3)=23(x−0)  ⟹  y=23x−3y - (-3) = \frac{2}{3}(x - 0) \implies y = \frac{2}{3}x - 3.

4. Find the coordinates of R (x-intercept of the normal)

At RR, y=0y = 0:
23x−3=0  ⟹  x=92\frac{2}{3}x - 3 = 0 \implies x = \frac{9}{2}.
So RR is (92,0)(\frac{9}{2}, 0).

5. Calculate the area bounded by the curve, x-axis and y-axis (from P to O)

Area 1 = ∫−2ln⁡20(0−y) dx=−∫−2ln⁡20(3e−12x−6) dx\int_{-2\ln 2}^{0} (0 - y) \, dx = -\int_{-2\ln 2}^{0} (3e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} - 6) \, dx
=−[3e−12x−1/2−6x]−2ln⁡20= -\left[ \frac{3e^{-\frac{1}{2}x}}{-1/2} - 6x \right]_{-2\ln 2}^{0}
=−[−6e−12x−6x]−2ln⁡20= -\left[ -6e^{-\frac{1}{2}x} - 6x \right]_{-2\ln 2}^{0}
=−((−6−0)−(−6eln⁡2−6(−2ln⁡2)))= -\left( (-6 - 0) - (-6e^{\ln 2} - 6(-2\ln 2)) \right)
=−(−6−(−12+12ln⁡2))= -\left( -6 - (-12 + 12\ln 2) \right)
=−(6−12ln⁡2)=12ln⁡2−6= - (6 - 12\ln 2) = 12\ln 2 - 6

6. Calculate the area of the triangle OQR and the total shaded area

Area of triangle OQR=12×OR×OQ=12×92×3=274OQR = \frac{1}{2} \times OR \times OQ = \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{9}{2} \times 3 = \frac{27}{4}.
Total shaded area = Area 1 + Area of triangle OQROQR
=(12ln⁡2−6)+274= (12\ln 2 - 6) + \frac{27}{4}
=12ln⁡2+34= 12\ln 2 + \frac{3}{4}

答案

6ln⁡2−346\ln 2 - \frac{3}{4}

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