该图显示了曲线 y=−3(2x−4)−1/3y = -3(2x-4)^{-1/3} 的一部分。点 P(−2, 1.5)P(-2,\ 1.5) 位于该曲线上,且该曲线在点 PP 处的法线与 x 轴交于点 QQ。

  1. (a)

    求 QQ 的坐标。

  2. (b)

    求由该曲线、法线 PQPQ 和坐标轴围成的阴影区域的面积。

    答案保留至三位小数。

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完整解法

14(a)

1. Differentiate the equation of the curve to find $\frac{dy}{dx}$.

y=−3(2x−4)−13y = -3(2x-4)^{-\frac{1}{3}}

dydx=−3(−13)(2x−4)−43⋅(2)\frac{dy}{dx} = -3 \left(-\frac{1}{3}\right)(2x-4)^{-\frac{4}{3}} \cdot (2)

dydx=2(2x−4)−43\frac{dy}{dx} = 2(2x-4)^{-\frac{4}{3}}

2. Find the gradient of the tangent at $P(-2, 1.5)$.

Substitute x=−2x = -2 into dydx\frac{dy}{dx}:
dydx=2(2(−2)−4)−43\frac{dy}{dx} = 2(2(-2)-4)^{-\frac{4}{3}}
dydx=2(−8)−43\frac{dy}{dx} = 2(-8)^{-\frac{4}{3}}
dydx=2(1(−8)43)=2(116)=18\frac{dy}{dx} = 2 \left(\frac{1}{(-8)^{\frac{4}{3}}}\right) = 2 \left(\frac{1}{16}\right) = \frac{1}{8}

3. Find the gradient of the normal at $P$.

Gradient of normal =−1Gradient of tangent= -\frac{1}{\text{Gradient of tangent}}
Gradient of normal =−118=−8= -\frac{1}{\frac{1}{8}} = -8

4. Find the equation of the normal and the coordinates of $Q$.

Equation of normal at P(−2,1.5)P(-2, 1.5):
y−1.5=−8(x−(−2))y - 1.5 = -8(x - (-2))
y−1.5=−8(x+2)y - 1.5 = -8(x + 2)

Since QQ lies on the x-axis, substitute y=0y = 0:
0−1.5=−8(x+2)0 - 1.5 = -8(x + 2)
−1.5=−8x−16-1.5 = -8x - 16
8x=−14.58x = -14.5
x=−14.58=−1.8125x = -\frac{14.5}{8} = -1.8125

Coordinates of QQ are (−1.8125,0)(-1.8125, 0).

答案

(−1.8125,0)(-1.8125, 0)

14(b)

1. Find the gradient of the curve at $P(-2, 1.5)$ to determine the equation of the normal.

dydx=−3(−13)(2x−4)−4/3(2)=2(2x−4)−4/3\frac{dy}{dx} = -3 \left(-\frac{1}{3}\right)(2x-4)^{-4/3}(2) = 2(2x-4)^{-4/3}
At x=−2x = -2, dydx=2(−4−4)−4/3=2(−8)−4/3=2(1(−2)4)=216=18\frac{dy}{dx} = 2(-4-4)^{-4/3} = 2(-8)^{-4/3} = 2 \left(\frac{1}{(-2)^4}\right) = \frac{2}{16} = \frac{1}{8}

2. Find the coordinates of $Q$ (from part a).

Gradient of normal =−11/8=−8= -\frac{1}{1/8} = -8
Equation of normal at P(−2,1.5)P(-2, 1.5):
y−1.5=−8(x−(−2))y - 1.5 = -8(x - (-2))
y=−8x−16+1.5=−8x−14.5y = -8x - 16 + 1.5 = -8x - 14.5
At xx-axis, y=0y = 0:
0=−8x−14.5  ⟹  x=−14.58=−1.81250 = -8x - 14.5 \implies x = -\frac{14.5}{8} = -1.8125
So QQ is (−1.8125,0)(-1.8125, 0).

3. Calculate the area of the triangular region bounded by the normal, the line $x=-2$, and the $x$-axis.

Base of triangle =−1.8125−(−2)=0.1875= -1.8125 - (-2) = 0.1875
Height of triangle =1.5= 1.5
Area of triangle =12×0.1875×1.5=0.140625= \frac{1}{2} \times 0.1875 \times 1.5 = 0.140625

4. Calculate the area under the curve from $x = -2$ to $x = 0$.

∫−20−3(2x−4)−1/3dx=[−3(2x−4)2/323×2]−20\int_{-2}^{0} -3(2x-4)^{-1/3} dx = \left[ \frac{-3(2x-4)^{2/3}}{\frac{2}{3} \times 2} \right]_{-2}^{0}
=[−94(2x−4)2/3]−20= \left[ -\frac{9}{4}(2x-4)^{2/3} \right]_{-2}^{0}
=−94(−4)2/3−(−94(−8)2/3)= -\frac{9}{4}(-4)^{2/3} - \left( -\frac{9}{4}(-8)^{2/3} \right)
=−94(16)1/3+94(4)= -\frac{9}{4}(16)^{1/3} + \frac{9}{4}(4)
=9−94(24/3)≈3.33036= 9 - \frac{9}{4}(2^{4/3}) \approx 3.33036

5. Find the total shaded area.

Total Area =0.140625+3.33036=3.470985≈3.471= 0.140625 + 3.33036 = 3.470985 \approx 3.471 (to 3 d.p.)

答案

3.4713.471

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