一条曲线的方程为 y=ln⁡2xxy = \dfrac{\ln 2x}{x}。

  1. ((i))

    求 d2ydx2\dfrac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} 的表达式,并证明 xd2ydx2+2dydx+1x2=0x\dfrac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} + 2\dfrac{dy}{dx} + \dfrac{1}{x^{2}} = 0。

  2. ((ii))

    求该曲线驻点的精确坐标,并使用二阶导数检验法来判定该驻点是极大值点还是极小值点。

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完整解法

7((i))

1. Find the first derivative $\frac{dy}{dx}$ using the quotient rule.

Let u=ln⁡2xu = \ln 2x and v=xv = x.
dudx=12x⋅2=1x\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{1}{2x} \cdot 2 = \frac{1}{x}
dvdx=1\frac{dv}{dx} = 1
dydx=vdudx−udvdxv2=x(1x)−(ln⁡2x)(1)x2=1−ln⁡2xx2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{v\frac{du}{dx} - u\frac{dv}{dx}}{v^{2}} = \frac{x(\frac{1}{x}) - (\ln 2x)(1)}{x^{2}} = \frac{1 - \ln 2x}{x^{2}}

2. Find the second derivative $\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}$ using the quotient rule again.

Let u=1−ln⁡2xu = 1 - \ln 2x and v=x2v = x^{2}.
dudx=−1x\frac{du}{dx} = -\frac{1}{x}
dvdx=2x\frac{dv}{dx} = 2x
d2ydx2=x2(−1x)−(1−ln⁡2x)(2x)(x2)2\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = \frac{x^{2}(-\frac{1}{x}) - (1 - \ln 2x)(2x)}{(x^{2})^{2}}
=−x−2x+2xln⁡2xx4= \frac{-x - 2x + 2x\ln 2x}{x^{4}}
=−3x+2xln⁡2xx4= \frac{-3x + 2x\ln 2x}{x^{4}}
=2ln⁡2x−3x3= \frac{2\ln 2x - 3}{x^{3}}

3. Substitute $\frac{dy}{dx}$ and $\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}$ into the given expression to show it equals 0.

LHS =x(2ln⁡2x−3x3)+2(1−ln⁡2xx2)+1x2= x\left(\frac{2\ln 2x - 3}{x^{3}}\right) + 2\left(\frac{1 - \ln 2x}{x^{2}}\right) + \frac{1}{x^{2}}
=2ln⁡2x−3x2+2−2ln⁡2xx2+1x2= \frac{2\ln 2x - 3}{x^{2}} + \frac{2 - 2\ln 2x}{x^{2}} + \frac{1}{x^{2}}
=2ln⁡2x−3+2−2ln⁡2x+1x2= \frac{2\ln 2x - 3 + 2 - 2\ln 2x + 1}{x^{2}}
=0x2=0=RHS (shown)= \frac{0}{x^{2}} = 0 = \text{RHS (shown)}

答案

d2ydx2=2ln⁡2x−3x3\dfrac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = \dfrac{2\ln 2x - 3}{x^{3}}

7((ii))

1. Find the first derivative $\frac{dy}{dx}$ and set it to zero to find the stationary point.

y=ln⁡2xxy = \frac{\ln 2x}{x}

Using the quotient rule:
dydx=x(12x⋅2)−(ln⁡2x)(1)x2=1−ln⁡2xx2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x \left(\frac{1}{2x} \cdot 2\right) - (\ln 2x)(1)}{x^2} = \frac{1 - \ln 2x}{x^2}

For a stationary point, dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0:
1−ln⁡2xx2=0\frac{1 - \ln 2x}{x^2} = 0

2. Solve for the exact $x$-coordinate of the stationary point.

1−ln⁡2x=01 - \ln 2x = 0
ln⁡2x=1\ln 2x = 1
2x=e2x = e
x=e2x = \frac{e}{2}

3. Find the exact $y$-coordinate of the stationary point.

Substitute x=e2x = \frac{e}{2} into the original equation:
y=ln⁡(2⋅e2)e2=ln⁡ee2=1e2=2ey = \frac{\ln(2 \cdot \frac{e}{2})}{\frac{e}{2}} = \frac{\ln e}{\frac{e}{2}} = \frac{1}{\frac{e}{2}} = \frac{2}{e}

The exact coordinates are (e2,2e)\left(\frac{e}{2}, \frac{2}{e}\right).

4. Use the relation from part (i) to evaluate the second derivative at the stationary point.

From part (i), we have xd2ydx2+2dydx+1x2=0x\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} + 2\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{1}{x^{2}} = 0.
At the stationary point, dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0, so:
xd2ydx2+0+1x2=0x\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} + 0 + \frac{1}{x^{2}} = 0
d2ydx2=−1x3\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = -\frac{1}{x^{3}}

Substitute x=e2x = \frac{e}{2}:
d2ydx2=−1(e2)3=−8e3\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = -\frac{1}{(\frac{e}{2})^{3}} = -\frac{8}{e^{3}}

5. Determine the nature of the stationary point.

Since e>0e > 0, −8e3<0-\frac{8}{e^{3}} < 0.
Because d2ydx2<0\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} < 0, the stationary point is a maximum.

答案

Coordinates: (e2,2e)\left(\frac{e}{2}, \frac{2}{e}\right), Maximum

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