曲线 的方程为 其中 为常数。求:
- (i)
曲线 的渐近线方程。
- (ii)
使得 在 时有 2 个驻点的 的取值范围。
- (iii)
对于第 (ii) 问中求得的 的取值范围,在不同的图中画出曲线 的草图,标出曲线与 x 轴交点的坐标以及渐近线方程(如果有的话)。
- (iv)
的图像,其中 ,标出图像与 x 轴交点的坐标以及渐近线方程(如果有的话)。
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完整解法
8(i)
1. Identify the vertical asymptote from the denominator.
The function is undefined when the denominator is zero. Setting the denominator to zero gives:
This gives the vertical asymptote.
2. Perform algebraic manipulation to find the oblique asymptote.
We express the rational function in the form by rewriting the numerator:
As , .
Therefore, the equation of the oblique asymptote is .
and
8(ii)
1. Rewrite the equation of the curve and differentiate to find the first derivative.
\text{By algebraic division, we rewrite the equation of } C:
\text{Differentiating with respect to } x:
2. Equate the derivative to zero to find the $x$-coordinates of the stationary points.
\text{For stationary points, } \frac{dy}{dx} = 0:
3. Determine the condition for the curve to have two distinct stationary points.
\text{For the curve to have 2 distinct stationary points, the roots for } x \text{ must be real and distinct. Therefore:}
4. Apply the condition that both stationary points occur for $x > 0$ to find the final range for $\lambda$.
\text{We require both stationary points to occur at } x > 0. \text{ Thus, the smaller root must be strictly positive:}
\text{Since } \lambda > 0, \text{ this implies }
\text{Combining these conditions, the required range of values is:}
8(iii)
1. Recall the equations of the asymptotes from part (i).
From part (i), by performing algebraic division, the equation of the curve can be written as .
Thus, the vertical asymptote is and the oblique asymptote is .
2. Find the coordinates of the $x$-intercepts.
Set :
or
The coordinates of the points where the graph cuts the -axis are and .
3. Deduce the relative positions of the intercepts and asymptotes using the condition from part (ii).
From part (ii), we require .
Therefore, .
This means both -intercepts and lie to the left of the vertical asymptote . The -intercept of the oblique asymptote, , is strictly positive.
4. Determine the shape and sketch the graph.
Draw the asymptotes and (noting its positive -intercept).
Plot the intercepts and .
- Left branch (): Starts from the third quadrant just below , passes up through , reaches a local maximum in the first quadrant, passes down through , and approaches as .
- Right branch (): Approaches as , falls to a local minimum in the first quadrant, and goes to approaching from above.
A sketch showing two branches:
- Left branch: Starts below the oblique asymptote , passes upwards through , reaches a local maximum, passes downwards through , and approaches towards .
- Right branch: Remains above the oblique asymptote , coming from at , reaches a local minimum, and goes to approaching the oblique asymptote.
- Asymptotes marked: and .
- Intercepts marked: and .
8(iv)
1. Differentiate $f(x)$ to find the expression for $f'(x)$.
Using the quotient rule for :
Let and .
and .
2. Find the equations of the asymptotes of $y=f'(x)$.
For the vertical asymptote, the denominator is zero at .
As , . Thus, the vertical asymptote is .
For the horizontal asymptote, evaluate the limit as :
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is .
3. Determine the coordinates of the $x$-intercepts.
Set to find where the graph cuts the -axis:
Since from part (ii), .
The coordinates of the points where the graph cuts the -axis are and .
4. Deduce the overall shape to sketch the graph of $y=f'(x)$.
The function is an inverted, shifted transformation of .
- Sketch the asymptotes and using dashed lines.
- Plot the intercepts and on the positive -axis.
- Draw two distinct curve branches: both bounded above by for large and plunging downwards to negative infinity as they approach the vertical line .
Key features for the sketch of :
- Asymptotes: Vertical line , Horizontal line .
- -axis Intercepts: and . Note that since from part (ii), both intercepts are on the positive -axis.
- Shape: Two branches resembling an inverted curve. Both branches approach from below as , and plunge towards as they approach the vertical asymptote from either side.
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