曲线 CC 的方程为 y=x2+(λ−1)xx−1,x≠1,y=\dfrac{x^2+(\lambda-1)x}{x-1},\quad x\ne 1, 其中 λ\lambda 为常数。求:

  1. (i)

    曲线 CC 的渐近线方程。

  2. (ii)

    使得 CC 在 x>0x>0 时有 2 个驻点的 λ\lambda 的取值范围。

  3. (iii)

    对于第 (ii) 问中求得的 λ\lambda 的取值范围,在不同的图中画出曲线 CC 的草图,标出曲线与 x 轴交点的坐标以及渐近线方程(如果有的话)。

  4. (iv)

    y=f′(x)y = f'(x) 的图像,其中 f(x)=x2+(λ−1)xx−1,  x≠1f(x)=\dfrac{x^2+(\lambda-1)x}{x-1},\; x\ne 1,标出图像与 x 轴交点的坐标以及渐近线方程(如果有的话)。

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完整解法

8(i)

1. Identify the vertical asymptote from the denominator.

The function is undefined when the denominator is zero. Setting the denominator to zero gives:
x−1=0x - 1 = 0
x=1x = 1
This gives the vertical asymptote.

2. Perform algebraic manipulation to find the oblique asymptote.

We express the rational function in the form y=mx+c+kx−1y = mx + c + \frac{k}{x-1} by rewriting the numerator:

y=x2+(λ−1)xx−1=x2−x+λxx−1=x(x−1)+λ(x−1)+λx−1=x+λ+λx−1\begin{align*}y &= \frac{x^2 + (\lambda - 1)x}{x - 1} \\&= \frac{x^2 - x + \lambda x}{x - 1} \\&= \frac{x(x - 1) + \lambda(x - 1) + \lambda}{x - 1} \\&= x + \lambda + \frac{\lambda}{x - 1}\end{align*}

As x→±∞x \to \pm\infty, λx−1→0\frac{\lambda}{x - 1} \to 0.
Therefore, the equation of the oblique asymptote is y=x+λy = x + \lambda.

答案

x=1x = 1 and y=x+λy = x + \lambda

8(ii)

1. Rewrite the equation of the curve and differentiate to find the first derivative.

\text{By algebraic division, we rewrite the equation of } C:
y=x2−x+λxx−1=x(x−1)+λ(x−1)+λx−1y = \frac{x^2 - x + \lambda x}{x - 1} = \frac{x(x - 1) + \lambda(x - 1) + \lambda}{x - 1}
y=x+λ+λx−1y = x + \lambda + \frac{\lambda}{x-1}
\text{Differentiating with respect to } x:
dydx=1−λ(x−1)2\frac{dy}{dx} = 1 - \frac{\lambda}{(x-1)^2}

2. Equate the derivative to zero to find the $x$-coordinates of the stationary points.

\text{For stationary points, } \frac{dy}{dx} = 0:
1−λ(x−1)2=01 - \frac{\lambda}{(x-1)^2} = 0
(x−1)2=λ(x-1)^2 = \lambda
x−1=±λx - 1 = \pm\sqrt{\lambda}
x=1±λx = 1 \pm \sqrt{\lambda}

3. Determine the condition for the curve to have two distinct stationary points.

\text{For the curve to have 2 distinct stationary points, the roots for } x \text{ must be real and distinct. Therefore:}
λ>0\lambda > 0

4. Apply the condition that both stationary points occur for $x > 0$ to find the final range for $\lambda$.

\text{We require both stationary points to occur at } x > 0. \text{ Thus, the smaller root must be strictly positive:}
1−λ>01 - \sqrt{\lambda} > 0
λ<1\sqrt{\lambda} < 1
\text{Since } \lambda > 0, \text{ this implies }
λ<1\lambda < 1
\text{Combining these conditions, the required range of values is:}
0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1

答案

0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1

8(iii)

1. Recall the equations of the asymptotes from part (i).

From part (i), by performing algebraic division, the equation of the curve can be written as y=x+λ+λx−1y = x + \lambda + \dfrac{\lambda}{x-1}.
Thus, the vertical asymptote is x=1x = 1 and the oblique asymptote is y=x+λy = x + \lambda.

2. Find the coordinates of the $x$-intercepts.

Set y=0y = 0:
x2+(λ−1)xx−1=0\frac{x^2 + (\lambda - 1)x}{x - 1} = 0
x2+(λ−1)x=0x^2 + (\lambda - 1)x = 0
x(x+λ−1)=0x(x + \lambda - 1) = 0
x=0x = 0 or x=1−λx = 1 - \lambda
The coordinates of the points where the graph cuts the xx-axis are (0,0)(0, 0) and (1−λ,0)(1 - \lambda, 0).

3. Deduce the relative positions of the intercepts and asymptotes using the condition from part (ii).

From part (ii), we require 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1.
Therefore, 0<1−λ<10 < 1 - \lambda < 1.
This means both xx-intercepts (0,0)(0,0) and (1−λ,0)(1 - \lambda, 0) lie to the left of the vertical asymptote x=1x = 1. The yy-intercept of the oblique asymptote, (0,λ)(0, \lambda), is strictly positive.

4. Determine the shape and sketch the graph.

Draw the asymptotes x=1x = 1 and y=x+λy = x + \lambda (noting its positive yy-intercept).
Plot the intercepts (0,0)(0,0) and (1−λ,0)(1-\lambda, 0).

  • Left branch (x<1x < 1): Starts from the third quadrant just below y=x+λy = x + \lambda, passes up through (0,0)(0,0), reaches a local maximum in the first quadrant, passes down through (1−λ,0)(1-\lambda, 0), and approaches −∞-\infty as x→1−x \to 1^-.
  • Right branch (x>1x > 1): Approaches +∞+\infty as x→1+x \to 1^+, falls to a local minimum in the first quadrant, and goes to +∞+\infty approaching y=x+λy = x + \lambda from above.
答案

A sketch showing two branches:

  • Left branch: Starts below the oblique asymptote y=x+λy = x + \lambda, passes upwards through (0,0)(0,0), reaches a local maximum, passes downwards through (1−λ,0)(1-\lambda, 0), and approaches x=1x=1 towards −∞-\infty.
  • Right branch: Remains above the oblique asymptote y=x+λy = x + \lambda, coming from +∞+\infty at x=1+x=1^+, reaches a local minimum, and goes to +∞+\infty approaching the oblique asymptote.
  • Asymptotes marked: x=1x = 1 and y=x+λy = x + \lambda.
  • Intercepts marked: (0,0)(0,0) and (1−λ,0)(1-\lambda, 0).

8(iv)

1. Differentiate $f(x)$ to find the expression for $f'(x)$.

Using the quotient rule for f(x)=x2+(λ−1)xx−1f(x) = \frac{x^2+(\lambda-1)x}{x-1}:
Let u=x2+(λ−1)xu = x^2+(\lambda-1)x and v=x−1v = x-1.
u′=2x+λ−1u' = 2x+\lambda-1 and v′=1v' = 1.

f′(x)=vu′−uv′v2=(x−1)(2x+λ−1)−[x2+(λ−1)x](1)(x−1)2=2x2+λx−x−2x−λ+1−x2−λx+x(x−1)2=x2−2x+1−λ(x−1)2=(x−1)2−λ(x−1)2=1−λ(x−1)2 \begin{align*} f'(x) &= \frac{v u' - u v'}{v^2} \\ &= \frac{(x-1)(2x+\lambda-1) - [x^2+(\lambda-1)x](1)}{(x-1)^2} \\ &= \frac{2x^2 + \lambda x - x - 2x - \lambda + 1 - x^2 - \lambda x + x}{(x-1)^2} \\ &= \frac{x^2 - 2x + 1 - \lambda}{(x-1)^2} \\ &= \frac{(x-1)^2 - \lambda}{(x-1)^2} \\ &= 1 - \frac{\lambda}{(x-1)^2} \end{align*}

2. Find the equations of the asymptotes of $y=f'(x)$.

For the vertical asymptote, the denominator is zero at x=1x = 1.
As x→1x \to 1, f′(x)→−∞f'(x) \to -\infty. Thus, the vertical asymptote is x=1x = 1.

For the horizontal asymptote, evaluate the limit as x→±∞x \to \pm\infty:
lim⁡x→±∞(1−λ(x−1)2)=1−0=1\lim_{x \to \pm\infty} \left( 1 - \frac{\lambda}{(x-1)^2} \right) = 1 - 0 = 1
Thus, the horizontal asymptote is y=1y = 1.

3. Determine the coordinates of the $x$-intercepts.

Set f′(x)=0f'(x) = 0 to find where the graph cuts the xx-axis:
1−λ(x−1)2=01 - \frac{\lambda}{(x-1)^2} = 0
(x−1)2=λ(x-1)^2 = \lambda
x−1=±λx - 1 = \pm\sqrt{\lambda}
x=1±λx = 1 \pm \sqrt{\lambda}
Since 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1 from part (ii), 1−λ>01-\sqrt{\lambda} > 0.
The coordinates of the points where the graph cuts the xx-axis are (1−λ,0)(1-\sqrt{\lambda}, 0) and (1+λ,0)(1+\sqrt{\lambda}, 0).

4. Deduce the overall shape to sketch the graph of $y=f'(x)$.

The function f′(x)=1−λ(x−1)2f'(x) = 1 - \frac{\lambda}{(x-1)^2} is an inverted, shifted transformation of y=1x2y = \frac{1}{x^2}.

  • Sketch the asymptotes x=1x=1 and y=1y=1 using dashed lines.
  • Plot the intercepts (1−λ,0)(1-\sqrt{\lambda}, 0) and (1+λ,0)(1+\sqrt{\lambda}, 0) on the positive xx-axis.
  • Draw two distinct curve branches: both bounded above by y=1y=1 for large ∣x∣|x| and plunging downwards to negative infinity as they approach the vertical line x=1x=1.
答案

Key features for the sketch of y=f′(x)y=f'(x):

  • Asymptotes: Vertical line x=1x = 1, Horizontal line y=1y = 1.
  • xx-axis Intercepts: (1−λ,0)(1-\sqrt{\lambda}, 0) and (1+λ,0)(1+\sqrt{\lambda}, 0). Note that since 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1 from part (ii), both intercepts are on the positive xx-axis.
  • Shape: Two branches resembling an inverted 1/x21/x^2 curve. Both branches approach y=1y=1 from below as x→±∞x \to \pm\infty, and plunge towards y→−∞y \to -\infty as they approach the vertical asymptote x=1x=1 from either side.

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