一个质点在时间 tt(其中 0<t<π30 < t < \dfrac{\pi}{3})沿某路径运动,该路径由参数方程定义为 x=cot⁡3tx = \cot 3t 且 y=2 cosec⁡3t+1y = 2\,\cosec 3t + 1。

  1. ((a))

    路径在点 P(cot⁡3p,  2cosec⁡3p+1)P\bigl(\cot 3p,\;2\cosec 3p + 1\bigr) 处的切线与 y 轴交于点 QQ。证明:点 QQ 的坐标为 (0,  2sin⁡3p+1)(0,\;2\sin 3p + 1)。

  2. ((b))

    质点到点 R(0,1)R(0,1) 的距离记为 ss,其中 s2=x2+(y−1)2s^{2} = x^{2} + (y - 1)^{2}。求在时间 t=π4t = \dfrac{\pi}{4} 时,质点到 RR 的距离 ss 的变化率的准确值。

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完整解法

5((a))

1. Differentiate the parametric equations for $x$ and $y$ with respect to $t$.

Given x=cot⁡3tx = \cot 3t and y=2cosec⁡3t+1y = 2\cosec 3t + 1:
dxdt=−3cosec⁡23t\frac{dx}{dt} = -3\cosec^2 3t
dydt=2(−3cosec⁡3tcot⁡3t)=−6cosec⁡3tcot⁡3t\frac{dy}{dt} = 2(-3\cosec 3t \cot 3t) = -6\cosec 3t \cot 3t

2. Apply the chain rule to find the derivative $\frac{dy}{dx}$ in terms of $t$.

dydx=dydtdxdt=−6cosec⁡3tcot⁡3t−3cosec⁡23t\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}} = \frac{-6\cosec 3t \cot 3t}{-3\cosec^2 3t}
dydx=2cot⁡3tcosec⁡3t=2(cos⁡3tsin⁡3t)1sin⁡3t=2cos⁡3t\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2\cot 3t}{\cosec 3t} = \frac{2\left(\frac{\cos 3t}{\sin 3t}\right)}{\frac{1}{\sin 3t}} = 2\cos 3t

3. Form the equation of the tangent at point $P$ and substitute $x = 0$ to find the y-intercept.

At t=pt = p, the gradient of the tangent is m=2cos⁡3pm = 2\cos 3p.
The equation of the tangent at P(cot⁡3p,  2cosec⁡3p+1)P(\cot 3p,\; 2\cosec 3p + 1) is:
y−(2cosec⁡3p+1)=2cos⁡3p(x−cot⁡3p)y - (2\cosec 3p + 1) = 2\cos 3p (x - \cot 3p)
To find where it meets the y-axis, set x=0x = 0:
y=2cosec⁡3p+1+2cos⁡3p(0−cot⁡3p)y = 2\cosec 3p + 1 + 2\cos 3p(0 - \cot 3p)
y=2cosec⁡3p+1−2cos⁡3pcot⁡3py = 2\cosec 3p + 1 - 2\cos 3p \cot 3p

4. Simplify the expression for the y-coordinate using trigonometric identities to show the required form.

Expressing in terms of sine and cosine:
y=2sin⁡3p+1−2cos⁡3p(cos⁡3psin⁡3p)y = \frac{2}{\sin 3p} + 1 - 2\cos 3p \left(\frac{\cos 3p}{\sin 3p}\right)
y=2−2cos⁡23psin⁡3p+1y = \frac{2 - 2\cos^2 3p}{\sin 3p} + 1
y=2(1−cos⁡23p)sin⁡3p+1y = \frac{2(1 - \cos^2 3p)}{\sin 3p} + 1
y=2sin⁡23psin⁡3p+1y = \frac{2\sin^2 3p}{\sin 3p} + 1
y=2sin⁡3p+1y = 2\sin 3p + 1
Thus, the coordinates of QQ are (0,  2sin⁡3p+1)(0,\; 2\sin 3p + 1).

答案

\text{Shown that the coordinates of } Q \text{ are } (0,; 2\sin 3p + 1).

5((b))

1. Express the square of the distance $s^2$ in terms of the parameter $t$ and simplify.

s2=x2+(y−1)2s^2 = x^2 + (y - 1)^2
s2=(cot⁡3t)2+(2csc⁡3t+1−1)2s^2 = (\cot 3t)^2 + (2\csc 3t + 1 - 1)^2
s2=cot⁡23t+4csc⁡23ts^2 = \cot^2 3t + 4\csc^2 3t
Using the identity cot⁡2θ=csc⁡2θ−1\cot^2 \theta = \csc^2 \theta - 1:
s2=(csc⁡23t−1)+4csc⁡23ts^2 = (\csc^2 3t - 1) + 4\csc^2 3t
s2=5csc⁡23t−1s^2 = 5\csc^2 3t - 1

2. Differentiate the expression for $s^2$ implicitly with respect to $t$.

ddt(s2)=ddt(5csc⁡23t−1)\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(s^2) = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(5\csc^2 3t - 1)
2sdsdt=5(2csc⁡3t)(−3csc⁡3tcot⁡3t)2s \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t} = 5(2\csc 3t)(-3\csc 3t \cot 3t)
2sdsdt=−30csc⁡23tcot⁡3t2s \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t} = -30\csc^2 3t \cot 3t

3. Evaluate $s$ and $\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}$ at $t = \frac{\pi}{4}$.

When t=π4t = \frac{\pi}{4}, 3t=3π43t = \frac{3\pi}{4}.
csc⁡(3π4)=2  ⟹  csc⁡2(3π4)=2\csc\left(\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) = \sqrt{2} \implies \csc^2\left(\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) = 2
cot⁡(3π4)=−1\cot\left(\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) = -1
Substitute these into the equation for s2s^2:
s2=5(2)−1=9  ⟹  s=3(since s>0)s^2 = 5(2) - 1 = 9 \implies s = 3 \quad (\text{since } s > 0)
Substitute the values into the derivative equation to find dsdt\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}:
2(3)dsdt=−30(2)(−1)2(3) \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t} = -30(2)(-1)
6dsdt=606 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t} = 60
dsdt=10\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t} = 10

答案

1010

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