The curve CC has equation y=x2+x+3x−2y = \frac{x^2 + x + 3}{x - 2}.

  1. (i)

    Without using a calculator, find the set of values that yy can take.

  2. (ii)

    Sketch the graph of CC, stating clearly the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any turning points and axial intercepts.

  3. (iii)

    By drawing a suitable graph on the same diagram in (ii), find the range of values of kk, where k>0k > 0, such that the equation (x+1)2(x−2)2+(x2+x+3)2=k2(x−2)2(x+1)^2(x-2)^2 + (x^2+x+3)^2 = k^2(x-2)^2 has at least one positive real root, giving your answer correct to 3 decimal places.

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Worked solution

(i)

1. 将分式函数方程转化为关于 $x$ 的二次方程

由 y=x2+x+3x−2y = \frac{x^2 + x + 3}{x - 2},整理得:
y(x−2)=x2+x+3y(x - 2) = x^2 + x + 3
x2+(1−y)x+(3+2y)=0x^2 + (1 - y)x + (3 + 2y) = 0

2. 利用实根存在条件 $\Delta \ge 0$ 列出关于 $y$ 的不等式并求解

因为 xx 为实数,所以该二次方程的判别式必须满足 Δ≥0\Delta \ge 0:
Δ=(1−y)2−4(1)(3+2y)≥0\Delta = (1 - y)^2 - 4(1)(3 + 2y) \ge 0
1−2y+y2−12−8y≥01 - 2y + y^2 - 12 - 8y \ge 0
y2−10y−11≥0y^2 - 10y - 11 \ge 0
(y−11)(y+1)≥0(y - 11)(y + 1) \ge 0
解得 y≤−1y \le -1 或 y≥11y \ge 11。
因此,yy 可取的值的集合为 {y∈R:y≤−1 或 y≥11}\{y \in \mathbb{R} : y \le -1 \text{ 或 } y \ge 11\}。

Answer

{y∈R:y≤−1 或 y≥11}\{y \in \mathbb{R} : y \le -1 \text{ 或 } y \ge 11\}

(ii)

1. 求渐近线方程

对 y=x2+x+3x−2y = \frac{x^2 + x + 3}{x - 2} 进行化简:
y=x+3+9x−2y = x + 3 + \frac{9}{x - 2}
当 x→2x \to 2 时,y→∞y \to \infty,故垂直渐近线为 x=2x = 2。
当 x→±∞x \to \pm\infty 时,9x−2→0\frac{9}{x - 2} \to 0,故斜渐近线为 y=x+3y = x + 3。

2. 求转折点坐标与坐标轴截距

求导:dydx=1−9(x−2)2=0  ⟹  (x−2)2=9  ⟹  x−2=±3\frac{dy}{dx} = 1 - \frac{9}{(x - 2)^2} = 0 \implies (x - 2)^2 = 9 \implies x - 2 = \pm 3。
得 x=5x = 5 或 x=−1x = -1。
当 x=5x = 5 时,y=11y = 11,极小值点为 (5,11)(5, 11);
当 x=−1x = -1 时,y=−1y = -1,极大值点为 (−1,−1)(-1, -1)。

与 yy 轴交点:当 x=0x = 0 时,y=−1.5y = -1.5,交点为 (0,−1.5)(0, -1.5)。
与 xx 轴交点:x2+x+3=0x^2 + x + 3 = 0 的 Δ=1−12=−11<0\Delta = 1 - 12 = -11 < 0,无实根,故与 xx 轴无交点。

3. 绘制曲线草图

画出两条虚线渐近线 x=2x = 2 与 y=x+3y = x + 3,标出极小值点 (5,11)(5, 11)、极大值点 (−1,−1)(-1, -1) 和 yy 轴截距 (0,−1.5)(0, -1.5),绘制分居于垂直渐近线两侧的双分支双曲线草图。

Answer

渐近线方程为 x=2x = 2 和 y=x+3y = x + 3;拐点(转折点)坐标为 (−1,−1)(-1, -1) 和 (5,11)(5, 11);yy 轴截距为 (0,−1.5)(0, -1.5),无 xx 轴截距。

(iii)

1. 将代数方程变形为几何距离/圆的方程结构

原方程为:
(x+1)2(x−2)2+(x2+x+3)2=k2(x−2)2(x+1)^2(x-2)^2 + (x^2+x+3)^2 = k^2(x-2)^2
两边同除以 (x−2)2(x-2)^2(因为 x=2x = 2 显然不是原方程的根):
(x+1)2+(x2+x+3x−2)2=k2(x+1)^2 + \left(\frac{x^2+x+3}{x-2}\right)^2 = k^2
即:
(x+1)2+y2=k2(x+1)^2 + y^2 = k^2
这表示以点 A(−1,0)A(-1, 0) 为圆心、半径为 kk 的圆 (k>0)(k > 0) 与曲线 CC 的交点方程。

2. 借助图像分析曲线 $C$ 在 $x > 0$ 区域与圆相交的临界条件

原方程有至少一个正实根 x>0x > 0,等价于圆 (x+1)2+y2=k2(x+1)^2 + y^2 = k^2 与曲线 CC 在 x>0x > 0 的区域至少有一个交点。

观察 (ii) 中的图像:
对于 x∈(0,2)x \in (0, 2),曲线 CC 位于第四象限,其 yy 值从 x→0+x \to 0^+ 时的 y→−1.5y \to -1.5 连续单调递减至 −∞-\infty。
当 x→0+x \to 0^+ 时,点 (x,y)(x, y) 趋近于 (0,−1.5)(0, -1.5)。
圆心 A(−1,0)A(-1, 0) 到边界点 (0,−1.5)(0, -1.5) 的距离为:
d0=(0−(−1))2+(−1.5−0)2=1+2.25=3.25≈1.80278d_0 = \sqrt{(0 - (-1))^2 + (-1.5 - 0)^2} = \sqrt{1 + 2.25} = \sqrt{3.25} \approx 1.80278
当 xx 从 00 增加到 22 时,点 (x,y)(x, y) 到 A(−1,0)A(-1, 0) 的距离 d(x)=(x+1)2+y2d(x) = \sqrt{(x+1)^2 + y^2} 严格单调递增,且范围为 (3.25,+∞)(\sqrt{3.25}, +\infty)。
因此,当 k>3.25k > \sqrt{3.25} 时,圆必与曲线 CC 在 0<x<20 < x < 2 区域有交点(即正实根)。

3. 给出精确到 3 位小数的 $k$ 的取值范围

计算临界值:
3.25≈1.8027756...\sqrt{3.25} \approx 1.8027756...
保留三位小数,得 k>1.803k > 1.803。

Answer

k>1.803k > 1.803

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