在时刻 tt(其中 0<t<π30 < t < \frac{\pi}{3}),一个质点沿某路径运动,其参数方程定义为
x=cot⁡3t和y=2csc⁡3t+1.x = \cot 3t \quad \text{和} \quad y = 2\csc 3t + 1.

  1. (a)

    该路径在点 P(cot⁡3p,2csc⁡3p+1)P(\cot 3p, 2\csc 3p + 1) 处的切线与 yy 轴相交于点 QQ。证明点 QQ 的坐标为 (0,2sin⁡3p+1)(0, 2\sin 3p + 1)。

  2. (b)

    质点到点 R(0,1)R(0, 1) 的距离记为 ss,其中 s2=x2+(y−1)2s^2 = x^2 + (y - 1)^2。求在时刻 t=π4t = \frac{\pi}{4} 时,质点到 RR 的距离的准确变化率。

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完整解法

5(a)

1. Find the parametric derivatives $\frac{dx}{dt}$ and $\frac{dy}{dt}$.

x=cot⁡3t  ⟹  dxdt=−3csc⁡23tx = \cot 3t \implies \frac{dx}{dt} = -3\csc^2 3t
y=2csc⁡3t+1  ⟹  dydt=2(−3csc⁡3tcot⁡3t)=−6csc⁡3tcot⁡3ty = 2\csc 3t + 1 \implies \frac{dy}{dt} = 2(-3\csc 3t \cot 3t) = -6\csc 3t \cot 3t

2. Find the gradient of the tangent at point $P$.

dydx=dydtdxdt=−6csc⁡3tcot⁡3t−3csc⁡23t\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}} = \frac{-6\csc 3t \cot 3t}{-3\csc^2 3t}
=2cot⁡3tcsc⁡3t=2(cos⁡3tsin⁡3t)1sin⁡3t=2cos⁡3t= \frac{2\cot 3t}{\csc 3t} = \frac{2\left(\frac{\cos 3t}{\sin 3t}\right)}{\frac{1}{\sin 3t}} = 2 \cos 3t
At PP where t=pt = p, the gradient is m=2cos⁡3pm = 2\cos 3p.

3. Form the equation of the tangent at $P$ and substitute $x = 0$ to find the $y$-intercept.

The equation of the tangent at P(cot⁡3p,2csc⁡3p+1)P(\cot 3p, 2\csc 3p + 1) is:
y−(2csc⁡3p+1)=2cos⁡3p(x−cot⁡3p)y - (2\csc 3p + 1) = 2\cos 3p(x - \cot 3p)
Since QQ lies on the yy-axis, substitute x=0x = 0:
y=2csc⁡3p+1+2cos⁡3p(0−cot⁡3p)y = 2\csc 3p + 1 + 2\cos 3p(0 - \cot 3p)
y=2csc⁡3p+1−2cos⁡3pcot⁡3py = 2\csc 3p + 1 - 2\cos 3p \cot 3p

4. Simplify the $y$-coordinate using trigonometric identities to obtain the coordinates of $Q$.

Expressing in terms of sine and cosine:
y=2sin⁡3p+1−2cos⁡3p(cos⁡3psin⁡3p)y = \frac{2}{\sin 3p} + 1 - 2\cos 3p \left(\frac{\cos 3p}{\sin 3p}\right)
y=1+2−2cos⁡23psin⁡3py = 1 + \frac{2 - 2\cos^2 3p}{\sin 3p}
y=1+2(1−cos⁡23p)sin⁡3py = 1 + \frac{2(1 - \cos^2 3p)}{\sin 3p}
y=1+2sin⁡23psin⁡3py = 1 + \frac{2\sin^2 3p}{\sin 3p}
y=1+2sin⁡3py = 1 + 2\sin 3p
Thus, the coordinates of QQ are (0,2sin⁡3p+1)(0, 2\sin 3p + 1) (shown).

答案

(0, 2\sin 3p + 1)

5(b)

1. Express $s^2$ in terms of $t$ by substituting the parametric equations.

s2=x2+(y−1)2s^2 = x^2 + (y - 1)^2
Substituting x=cot⁡3tx = \cot 3t and y=2csc⁡3t+1y = 2\csc 3t + 1:
s2=(cot⁡3t)2+(2csc⁡3t+1−1)2s^2 = (\cot 3t)^2 + (2\csc 3t + 1 - 1)^2
s2=cot⁡23t+4csc⁡23ts^2 = \cot^2 3t + 4\csc^2 3t

2. Differentiate implicitly with respect to $t$.

Differentiating both sides with respect to tt:
2sdsdt=2cot⁡3t⋅ddt(cot⁡3t)+4(2csc⁡3t)⋅ddt(csc⁡3t)2s \frac{ds}{dt} = 2\cot 3t \cdot \frac{d}{dt}(\cot 3t) + 4(2\csc 3t) \cdot \frac{d}{dt}(\csc 3t)
2sdsdt=2cot⁡3t(−3csc⁡23t)+8csc⁡3t(−3csc⁡3tcot⁡3t)2s \frac{ds}{dt} = 2\cot 3t (-3\csc^2 3t) + 8\csc 3t (-3\csc 3t \cot 3t)
2sdsdt=−6cot⁡3tcsc⁡23t−24csc⁡23tcot⁡3t2s \frac{ds}{dt} = -6\cot 3t \csc^2 3t - 24\csc^2 3t \cot 3t
2sdsdt=−30csc⁡23tcot⁡3t2s \frac{ds}{dt} = -30\csc^2 3t \cot 3t

3. Evaluate $s$ and $\frac{ds}{dt}$ at $t = \frac{\pi}{4}$.

At t=π4t = \frac{\pi}{4}, 3t=3π43t = \frac{3\pi}{4}.
We have csc⁡3π4=2\csc \frac{3\pi}{4} = \sqrt{2} and cot⁡3π4=−1\cot \frac{3\pi}{4} = -1.
s2=(−1)2+4(2)2=1+8=9s^2 = (-1)^2 + 4(\sqrt{2})^2 = 1 + 8 = 9
s=3(since s≥0 as it represents distance)s = 3 \quad \text{(since } s \ge 0 \text{ as it represents distance)}
Substitute ss, csc⁡3t\csc 3t, and cot⁡3t\cot 3t into the differentiated equation:
2(3)dsdt=−30(2)2(−1)2(3) \frac{ds}{dt} = -30(\sqrt{2})^2 (-1)
6dsdt=−30(2)(−1)6 \frac{ds}{dt} = -30(2)(-1)
6dsdt=60  ⟹  dsdt=106 \frac{ds}{dt} = 60 \implies \frac{ds}{dt} = 10

答案

1010

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