1. (a)

    求 ∫19−4x2 dx\int \frac{1}{9 - 4x^2} \text{ d}x。

  2. (b)

    利用换元法 x=cos⁡θ\sqrt{x} = \cos\theta,求 ∫x1−x dx\int \sqrt{\frac{x}{1-x}} \text{ d}x。

  3. (c)

    求 ∫1ex(ln⁡x)2 dx\int_{1}^{\text{e}} x(\ln x)^2 \text{ d}x 的值,并给出精确形式的答案。

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完整解法

2(a)

1. Factorise the denominator to match the standard integration form $\frac{1}{a^2 - x^2}$.

∫19−4x2 dx=14∫194−x2 dx\int \frac{1}{9 - 4x^2} \text{ d}x = \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{1}{\frac{9}{4} - x^2} \text{ d}x

2. Apply the standard formula $\int \frac{1}{a^2 - x^2} \text{ d}x = \frac{1}{2a} \ln \left| \frac{a+x}{a-x} \right| + C$ with $a = \frac{3}{2}$.

=14(12(32)ln⁡∣32+x32−x∣)+C= \frac{1}{4} \left( \frac{1}{2\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)} \ln \left| \frac{\frac{3}{2} + x}{\frac{3}{2} - x} \right| \right) + C

3. Simplify the coefficient and the fraction within the logarithm.

=14(13)ln⁡∣3+2x23−2x2∣+C=112ln⁡∣3+2x3−2x∣+C = \frac{1}{4} \left( \frac{1}{3} \right) \ln \left| \frac{\frac{3+2x}{2}}{\frac{3-2x}{2}} \right| + C \\ = \frac{1}{12} \ln \left| \frac{3 + 2x}{3 - 2x} \right| + C
答案

112ln⁡∣3+2x3−2x∣+C\frac{1}{12} \ln \left| \frac{3+2x}{3-2x} \right| + C

2(b)

1. Find the differential $dx$ in terms of $\theta$.

Given x=cos⁡θ\sqrt{x} = \cos\theta, squaring both sides gives x=cos⁡2θx = \cos^2\theta.
Differentiating with respect to θ\theta:
dxdθ=2cos⁡θ(−sin⁡θ)=−2cos⁡θsin⁡θ\frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}\theta} = 2\cos\theta(-\sin\theta) = -2\cos\theta\sin\theta
dx=−2cos⁡θsin⁡θ dθ\text{d}x = -2\cos\theta\sin\theta \text{ d}\theta

2. Substitute into the integral and simplify.

∫x1−x dx=∫cos⁡2θ1−cos⁡2θ(−2cos⁡θsin⁡θ) dθ\int \sqrt{\frac{x}{1-x}} \text{ d}x = \int \sqrt{\frac{\cos^2\theta}{1-\cos^2\theta}} (-2\cos\theta\sin\theta) \text{ d}\theta
Using the identity 1−cos⁡2θ=sin⁡2θ1-\cos^2\theta = \sin^2\theta:
=∫cos⁡2θsin⁡2θ(−2cos⁡θsin⁡θ) dθ= \int \sqrt{\frac{\cos^2\theta}{\sin^2\theta}} (-2\cos\theta\sin\theta) \text{ d}\theta
=∫cos⁡θsin⁡θ(−2cos⁡θsin⁡θ) dθ= \int \frac{\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} (-2\cos\theta\sin\theta) \text{ d}\theta
=∫−2cos⁡2θ dθ= \int -2\cos^2\theta \text{ d}\theta

3. Integrate using the double angle identity.

Using cos⁡2θ=2cos⁡2θ−1\cos 2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta - 1, we can rewrite −2cos⁡2θ-2\cos^2\theta as −(1+cos⁡2θ)-(1 + \cos 2\theta):
=∫−(1+cos⁡2θ) dθ= \int -(1 + \cos 2\theta) \text{ d}\theta
=−(θ+12sin⁡2θ)+C= -\left(\theta + \frac{1}{2}\sin 2\theta\right) + C
=−θ−sin⁡θcos⁡θ+C= -\theta - \sin\theta\cos\theta + C

4. Back-substitute to express the answer in terms of $x$.

From x=cos⁡θ\sqrt{x} = \cos\theta, we have θ=cos⁡−1(x)\theta = \cos^{-1}(\sqrt{x}).
We also need sin⁡θ\sin\theta, which is 1−cos⁡2θ=1−x\sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta} = \sqrt{1-x}.
Substituting these expressions back:
−θ−sin⁡θcos⁡θ+C=−cos⁡−1(x)−1−x(x)+C-\theta - \sin\theta\cos\theta + C = -\cos^{-1}(\sqrt{x}) - \sqrt{1-x}(\sqrt{x}) + C
=−cos⁡−1(x)−x(1−x)+C= -\cos^{-1}(\sqrt{x}) - \sqrt{x(1-x)} + C

答案

−cos⁡−1(x)−x(1−x)+C-\cos^{-1}(\sqrt{x}) - \sqrt{x(1-x)} + C

2(c)

1. Apply integration by parts for the first time.

Let u=(ln⁡x)2  ⟹  dudx=2ln⁡xxu = (\ln x)^2 \implies \frac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}x} = \frac{2\ln x}{x}
Let dvdx=x  ⟹  v=12x2\frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}x} = x \implies v = \frac{1}{2}x^2

∫1ex(ln⁡x)2 dx=[12x2(ln⁡x)2]1e−∫1e12x2(2ln⁡xx) dx\int_{1}^{\text{e}} x(\ln x)^2 \text{ d}x = \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2(\ln x)^2 \right]_{1}^{\text{e}} - \int_{1}^{\text{e}} \frac{1}{2}x^2 \left( \frac{2\ln x}{x} \right) \text{ d}x
=[12x2(ln⁡x)2]1e−∫1exln⁡x dx= \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2(\ln x)^2 \right]_{1}^{\text{e}} - \int_{1}^{\text{e}} x\ln x \text{ d}x

2. Apply integration by parts a second time to evaluate $\int x \ln x \text{ d}x$.

Let u=ln⁡x  ⟹  dudx=1xu = \ln x \implies \frac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}x} = \frac{1}{x}
Let dvdx=x  ⟹  v=12x2\frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}x} = x \implies v = \frac{1}{2}x^2

∫1exln⁡x dx=[12x2ln⁡x]1e−∫1e12x2(1x) dx\int_{1}^{\text{e}} x\ln x \text{ d}x = \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2\ln x \right]_{1}^{\text{e}} - \int_{1}^{\text{e}} \frac{1}{2}x^2 \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) \text{ d}x
=[12x2ln⁡x]1e−∫1e12x dx= \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2\ln x \right]_{1}^{\text{e}} - \int_{1}^{\text{e}} \frac{1}{2}x \text{ d}x
=[12x2ln⁡x−14x2]1e= \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2\ln x - \frac{1}{4}x^2 \right]_{1}^{\text{e}}

3. Combine the results and substitute the limits $1$ and $\text{e}$ to find the exact value.

∫1ex(ln⁡x)2 dx=[12x2(ln⁡x)2−(12x2ln⁡x−14x2)]1e\int_{1}^{\text{e}} x(\ln x)^2 \text{ d}x = \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2(\ln x)^2 - \left( \frac{1}{2}x^2\ln x - \frac{1}{4}x^2 \right) \right]_{1}^{\text{e}}
=[12x2(ln⁡x)2−12x2ln⁡x+14x2]1e= \left[ \frac{1}{2}x^2(\ln x)^2 - \frac{1}{2}x^2\ln x + \frac{1}{4}x^2 \right]_{1}^{\text{e}}

Substitute the upper limit e\text{e} and lower limit 11:
=(12e2(1)2−12e2(1)+14e2)−(0−0+14(1)2)= \left( \frac{1}{2}\text{e}^2(1)^2 - \frac{1}{2}\text{e}^2(1) + \frac{1}{4}\text{e}^2 \right) - \left( 0 - 0 + \frac{1}{4}(1)^2 \right)
=14e2−14= \frac{1}{4}\text{e}^2 - \frac{1}{4}
=e2−14= \frac{\text{e}^2 - 1}{4}

答案

e2−14\frac{\text{e}^2 - 1}{4}

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