直线 ll 的方程为 r=i+6j−3k+s(i−2j+2k)。\mathbf{r} = i + 6j - 3k + s(i - 2j + 2k)。 平面 pp 的方程为 (r−3i).(2i−3j+6k)=0。(\mathbf{r} - 3i).(2i - 3j + 6k) = 0。 直线 ll 与平面 pp 相交于点 AA。

  1. (i)

    求 AA 的位置向量。

  2. (ii)

    求 ll 与 pp 之间的锐角。

  3. (iii)

    求位于 pp 内、通过 AA 且与 ll 垂直的直线的向量方程。

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完整解法

Q3(i)

1. Express the equation of the plane in the standard scalar product form $\mathbf{r} \cdot \mathbf{n} = d$.

(r−3i)⋅(2i−3j+6k)=0(\mathbf{r} - 3\mathbf{i}) \cdot (2\mathbf{i} - 3\mathbf{j} + 6\mathbf{k}) = 0
r⋅(2i−3j+6k)=3i⋅(2i−3j+6k)\mathbf{r} \cdot (2\mathbf{i} - 3\mathbf{j} + 6\mathbf{k}) = 3\mathbf{i} \cdot (2\mathbf{i} - 3\mathbf{j} + 6\mathbf{k})
r⋅(2i−3j+6k)=(3)(2)+(0)(−3)+(0)(6)=6\mathbf{r} \cdot (2\mathbf{i} - 3\mathbf{j} + 6\mathbf{k}) = (3)(2) + (0)(-3) + (0)(6) = 6

2. Substitute the equation of the line into the equation of the plane to find the parameter $s$ at the point of intersection.

Substitute r=(1+s)i+(6−2s)j+(−3+2s)k\mathbf{r} = (1+s)\mathbf{i} + (6-2s)\mathbf{j} + (-3+2s)\mathbf{k} into the plane equation:
[(1+s)i+(6−2s)j+(−3+2s)k]⋅(2i−3j+6k)=6[(1+s)\mathbf{i} + (6-2s)\mathbf{j} + (-3+2s)\mathbf{k}] \cdot (2\mathbf{i} - 3\mathbf{j} + 6\mathbf{k}) = 6
2(1+s)−3(6−2s)+6(−3+2s)=62(1+s) - 3(6-2s) + 6(-3+2s) = 6
2+2s−18+6s−18+12s=62 + 2s - 18 + 6s - 18 + 12s = 6
20s−34=620s - 34 = 6
20s=40  ⟹  s=220s = 40 \implies s = 2

3. Substitute the value of $s$ back into the line equation to obtain the position vector of point $A$.

rA=i+6j−3k+2(i−2j+2k)\mathbf{r}_A = \mathbf{i} + 6\mathbf{j} - 3\mathbf{k} + 2(\mathbf{i} - 2\mathbf{j} + 2\mathbf{k})
rA=(1+2)i+(6−4)j+(−3+4)k\mathbf{r}_A = (1+2)\mathbf{i} + (6-4)\mathbf{j} + (-3+4)\mathbf{k}
rA=3i+2j+k\mathbf{r}_A = 3\mathbf{i} + 2\mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k}

答案

3i+2j+k3\mathbf{i} + 2\mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k}

Q3(ii)

1. Identify the direction vector of the line $l$ and the normal vector of the plane $p$.

The direction vector of line ll is d=(1−22)\mathbf{d} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}.

The normal vector of plane pp is n=(2−36)\mathbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}.

2. Calculate the scalar product of the direction vector and the normal vector.

d⋅n=(1−22)⋅(2−36)\mathbf{d} \cdot \mathbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}
d⋅n=(1)(2)+(−2)(−3)+(2)(6)\mathbf{d} \cdot \mathbf{n} = (1)(2) + (-2)(-3) + (2)(6)
d⋅n=2+6+12=20\mathbf{d} \cdot \mathbf{n} = 2 + 6 + 12 = 20

3. Calculate the magnitudes of the direction vector and the normal vector.

∣d∣=12+(−2)2+22=1+4+4=9=3|\mathbf{d}| = \sqrt{1^2 + (-2)^2 + 2^2} = \sqrt{1 + 4 + 4} = \sqrt{9} = 3
∣n∣=22+(−3)2+62=4+9+36=49=7|\mathbf{n}| = \sqrt{2^2 + (-3)^2 + 6^2} = \sqrt{4 + 9 + 36} = \sqrt{49} = 7

4. Calculate the acute angle between the line and the plane.

Let θ\theta be the acute angle between the line ll and the plane pp.
sin⁡θ=∣d⋅n∣∣d∣∣n∣\sin \theta = \frac{|\mathbf{d} \cdot \mathbf{n}|}{|\mathbf{d}| |\mathbf{n}|}
sin⁡θ=20(3)(7)=2021\sin \theta = \frac{20}{(3)(7)} = \frac{20}{21}
θ=sin⁡−1(2021)≈72.247∘\theta = \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{20}{21}\right) \approx 72.247^\circ
θ≈72.2∘ (to 1 d.p.)\theta \approx 72.2^\circ \text{ (to 1 d.p.)}

答案

72.2∘72.2^\circ

Q3(iii)

1. Calculate the position vector of point $A$ from part (i) as it is needed to form the line equation.

Substitute r=(16−3)+s(1−22) into p:\text{Substitute } \mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 6 \\ -3 \end{pmatrix} + s\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} \text{ into } p:
((1+s6−2s−3+2s)−(300))⋅(2−36)=0\left( \begin{pmatrix} 1+s \\ 6-2s \\ -3+2s \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \right) \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix} = 0
(s−26−2s−3+2s)⋅(2−36)=0\begin{pmatrix} s-2 \\ 6-2s \\ -3+2s \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix} = 0
2(s−2)−3(6−2s)+6(−3+2s)=02(s-2) - 3(6-2s) + 6(-3+2s) = 0
2s−4−18+6s−18+12s=0  ⟹  20s=40  ⟹  s=22s - 4 - 18 + 6s - 18 + 12s = 0 \implies 20s = 40 \implies s = 2
OA⃗=(16−3)+2(1−22)=(321)=3i+2j+k\vec{OA} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 6 \\ -3 \end{pmatrix} + 2\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = 3\mathbf{i} + 2\mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k}

2. Determine the conditions for the direction vector of the new line.

Let the direction vector of the required line be d.\text{Let the direction vector of the required line be } \mathbf{d}.
Since the line lies in plane p,d is perpendicular to the normal vector of p,n=(2−36).\text{Since the line lies in plane } p, \mathbf{d} \text{ is perpendicular to the normal vector of } p, \mathbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}.
Since the line is perpendicular to l,d is perpendicular to the direction vector of l,v=(1−22).\text{Since the line is perpendicular to } l, \mathbf{d} \text{ is perpendicular to the direction vector of } l, \mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}.

3. Calculate the direction vector $\mathbf{d}$ using the vector cross product.

d=n×v=(2−36)×(1−22)\mathbf{d} = \mathbf{n} \times \mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix} \times \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}
d=((−3)(2)−(6)(−2)(6)(1)−(2)(2)(2)(−2)−(−3)(1))\mathbf{d} = \begin{pmatrix} (-3)(2) - (6)(-2) \\ (6)(1) - (2)(2) \\ (2)(-2) - (-3)(1) \end{pmatrix}
d=(−6+126−4−4+3)=(62−1)\mathbf{d} = \begin{pmatrix} -6 + 12 \\ 6 - 4 \\ -4 + 3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}

4. Formulate the final vector equation of the new line.

The line passes through A(3,2,1) and has direction (62−1).\text{The line passes through } A(3, 2, 1) \text{ and has direction } \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}.
Vector equation: r=(321)+t(62−1), where t∈R\text{Vector equation: } \mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + t \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}, \text{ where } t \in \mathbb{R}

答案

r=3i+2j+k+t(6i+2j−k),  t∈R\mathbf{r} = 3\mathbf{i} + 2\mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k} + t(6\mathbf{i} + 2\mathbf{j} - \mathbf{k}), \; t \in \mathbb{R}

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