对于方程为 x2−3xy+y3=8x^2 - 3xy + y^3 = 8 的曲线,求

  1. (i)

    切线平行于 xx 轴的点的 xx 坐标,

  2. (ii)

    在 y=2y = 2 的点处的法线方程。

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完整解法

3(i)

1. Differentiate the given equation implicitly with respect to $x$.

ddx(x2−3xy+y3)=ddx(8)\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left(x^2 - 3xy + y^3\right) = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(8)
2x−3(y+xdydx)+3y2dydx=02x - 3\left(y + x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}\right) + 3y^2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0
2x−3y−3xdydx+3y2dydx=02x - 3y - 3x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 3y^2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0

2. Find an expression for $y$ in terms of $x$ by applying the condition for a horizontal tangent.

Rearranging the terms to isolate dydx\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}:
dydx(3y2−3x)=3y−2x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}(3y^2 - 3x) = 3y - 2x
For the tangent to be parallel to the xx-axis, dydx=0\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0.
3y−2x=0  ⟹  y=23x3y - 2x = 0 \implies y = \frac{2}{3}x

3. Substitute this relationship into the original equation and solve for $x$.

Substitute y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x into x2−3xy+y3=8x^2 - 3xy + y^3 = 8:
x2−3x(23x)+(23x)3=8x^2 - 3x\left(\frac{2}{3}x\right) + \left(\frac{2}{3}x\right)^3 = 8
x2−2x2+827x3=8x^2 - 2x^2 + \frac{8}{27}x^3 = 8
−x2+827x3−8=0-x^2 + \frac{8}{27}x^3 - 8 = 0
8x3−27x2−216=08x^3 - 27x^2 - 216 = 0
Using a graphing calculator to solve this equation:
x≈4.6334x \approx 4.6334
x=4.63 (to 3 s.f.)x = 4.63 \text{ (to 3 s.f.)}

答案

x=4.63x = 4.63

3(ii)

1. Find the $x$-coordinates of the points on the curve where $y=2$.

Substitute y=2y=2 into the curve equation:
x2−3x(2)+(2)3=8x^2 - 3x(2) + (2)^3 = 8
x2−6x+8=8x^2 - 6x + 8 = 8
x2−6x=0x^2 - 6x = 0
x(x−6)=0x(x - 6) = 0
x=0x = 0 or x=6x = 6
The points are (0,2)(0, 2) and (6,2)(6, 2).

2. Differentiate the curve equation implicitly to find an expression for $\frac{dy}{dx}$.

Differentiating implicitly with respect to xx (as derived in part i):
2x−(3y+3xdydx)+3y2dydx=02x - \left( 3y + 3x\frac{dy}{dx} \right) + 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx} = 0
2x−3y−3xdydx+3y2dydx=02x - 3y - 3x\frac{dy}{dx} + 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx} = 0
dydx(3y2−3x)=3y−2x\frac{dy}{dx}(3y^2 - 3x) = 3y - 2x
dydx=3y−2x3y2−3x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3y - 2x}{3y^2 - 3x}

3. Find the gradient of the normal and the equation of the normal at $(0, 2)$.

At (0,2)(0, 2):
mtangent=dydx=3(2)−2(0)3(2)2−3(0)=612=12m_{\text{tangent}} = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3(2) - 2(0)}{3(2)^2 - 3(0)} = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}
The gradient of the normal is −1mtangent=−2-\frac{1}{m_{\text{tangent}}} = -2.
The equation of the normal is:
y−2=−2(x−0)y - 2 = -2(x - 0)
y=−2x+2y = -2x + 2

4. Find the gradient of the normal and the equation of the normal at $(6, 2)$.

At (6,2)(6, 2):
mtangent=dydx=3(2)−2(6)3(2)2−3(6)=6−1212−18=−6−6=1m_{\text{tangent}} = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3(2) - 2(6)}{3(2)^2 - 3(6)} = \frac{6 - 12}{12 - 18} = \frac{-6}{-6} = 1
The gradient of the normal is −1mtangent=−1-\frac{1}{m_{\text{tangent}}} = -1.
The equation of the normal is:
y−2=−1(x−6)y - 2 = -1(x - 6)
y−2=−x+6y - 2 = -x + 6
y=−x+8y = -x + 8

答案

y=−2x+2y = -2x + 2 and y=−x+8y = -x + 8

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