The events and are such that and . and are mutually exclusive events.
- (i)
Find an expression for .
- (ii)
Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the case where and are also mutually exclusive events. Hence, state an equation relating and .
- (iii)
For the rest of the question, and are not mutually exclusive events. The event is such that . and are independent events. It is also given that , and .
Find an expression for .
- (iv)
Find an expression for .
- (v)
Use your answers to parts (iii) and (iv) to find the range of values of .
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Worked solution
8(i)
1. Relate $\text{P}(A' \cap B')$ to the union of events $A$ and $B$.
2. Apply the mutually exclusive property to substitute probabilities in terms of $a$ and $b$.
Since and are mutually exclusive events, .
Therefore,
8(ii)
1. Describe the required Venn diagram for the given conditions
Since and are mutually exclusive, their regions do not overlap. Since and are mutually exclusive, , meaning the region outside and is empty.
The Venn diagram should be a rectangular universal set box, divided entirely into two disjoint sections by a line, labelling one section and the other . (Alternatively, two disjoint circles for and can be drawn inside the rectangle, with the region outside the circles explicitly labelled as or ).
2. State the equation relating $a$ and $b$
Since and are mutually exclusive, .
From the properties of mutually exclusive sets and , .
Since :
Venn diagram: A rectangle representing the universal set, partitioned into two non-overlapping regions labelled and .
Equation:
8(iii)
1. Determine the probabilities of intersection and union for the basic events using independence and mutual exclusivity.
Since and are independent:
Since and are mutually exclusive:
2. Apply the addition rule to find $\text{P}(A \cup B \cup C)$.
Since and are mutually exclusive, and are also mutually exclusive. Hence:
Using the addition rule for the events and :
8(iv)
1. Express the required probability by subtracting the overlaps with $A$ and $B$ from the total probability of $C$.
The event represents the outcome where occurs, but neither nor occurs. Since and are mutually exclusive, their intersections with do not overlap.
2. Use the independence of $A$ and $C$ and substitute the given values to simplify the expression.
Since and are independent events, .
We are given and .
8(v)
1. Concisely obtain the expression for part (iii) and use the maximum probability bound to find an upper limit for $c$.
First, we determine the expression for as required in (iii). Using the inclusion-exclusion principle and the independence of and (so ):
Since and are mutually exclusive, and consequently .
Since the maximum possible value for any probability is , we have:
2. Concisely obtain the expression for part (iv) and use the minimum probability bound to find a lower limit for $c$.
Next, we determine the expression for as required in (iv). This event represents occurring in but not in nor :
Since and are mutually exclusive, .
Since probabilities cannot be negative, we have:
3. Combine the bounds to state the full range of values for $c$.
Combining the inequalities gives the complete range:
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