For events and it is given that , and .
- (i)
Find ,
- (ii)
Find .
- (iii)
Determine if and are independent.
- (iv)
It is further given that and that events and are mutually exclusive.
Find the greatest and least possible values of .
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Worked solution
11(i)
1. State the addition rule for probabilities
2. Substitute the given values to find $\mathrm{P}(A \cap B)$
11(ii)
1. Find the probability of the region outside both $A$ and $B$.
2. Use Venn diagram logic to express $A \cup B'$ as the sum of mutually exclusive components and calculate its value.
By visualising a Venn diagram, the region consists of the circle and the region outside both circles .
Since and are mutually exclusive:
11(iii)
1. Retrieve or calculate $\mathrm{P}(A \cap B)$ from part (i) and calculate $\mathrm{P}(A) \times \mathrm{P}(B)$
From part (i), we have .
Calculating the product of the individual probabilities:
2. Compare the values to determine independence
Since , we have .
Therefore, events and are not independent.
Events and are not independent, since .
11(iv)
1. Determine the probabilities of regions available for event $C$.
From part (i), we have .
Since events and are mutually exclusive, , which means must lie entirely within .
The region can be partitioned into two parts: inside () and outside ().
2. Find the greatest possible value of $\mathrm{P}(A \cap C)$.
For to be as large as possible, should lie inside as much as possible.
Since cannot overlap with , the event must be a subset of . Therefore:
Since , which is larger than , it is possible for to completely cover .
Greatest possible value
3. Find the least possible value of $\mathrm{P}(A \cap C)$.
For to be as small as possible, should lie completely outside to the maximum extent possible. The only available region for outside is .
Using the fact that :
Least possible value
Greatest possible value is
Least possible value is
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