A sequence of positive numbers x1,x2,x3,…x_1, x_2, x_3, \dots satisfies the recurrence relation
xn+1=10−3xn, for n=1,2,3,…x_{n+1} = \sqrt{10 - 3x_n} \text{, for } n = 1, 2, 3, \dots

  1. (i)

    Given that the sequence converges to ll, find the value of ll.

  2. (ii)

    Prove that (xn+1)2−l2=3(l−xn)(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 = 3(l - x_n).

  3. (iii)

    Use the result in part (ii) to show that if xn<lx_n < l, then xn+1>lx_{n+1} > l.

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Worked solution

3(i)

1. Set up the limit equation by substituting $l$ into the recurrence relation.

As n→∞n \to \infty, both xn→lx_n \to l and xn+1→lx_{n+1} \to l.
l=10−3ll = \sqrt{10 - 3l}

2. Solve the resulting quadratic equation and reject the invalid root.

Squaring both sides:
l2=10−3ll^2 = 10 - 3l
l2+3l−10=0l^2 + 3l - 10 = 0
(l+5)(l−2)=0(l + 5)(l - 2) = 0
l=−5 or l=2l = -5 \text{ or } l = 2

Since the sequence consists of positive numbers (xn>0x_n > 0 for all nn), the limit must be l≥0l \ge 0. Also, the principal square root is non-negative. Therefore, l=−5l = -5 is rejected.
l=2l = 2

Answer

l=2l = 2

3(ii)

1. Express $(x_{n+1})^2$ and $l^2$ in terms of $x_n$ and $l$ respectively.

From the recurrence relation xn+1=10−3xnx_{n+1} = \sqrt{10 - 3x_n}, squaring both sides gives:
(xn+1)2=10−3xn(x_{n+1})^2 = 10 - 3x_n
Since the sequence converges to ll, the limit ll satisfies the same relation:
l=10−3l  ⟹  l2=10−3ll = \sqrt{10 - 3l} \implies l^2 = 10 - 3l

2. Evaluate the difference $(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2$ to prove the identity.

Subtracting the expression for l2l^2 from the expression for (xn+1)2(x_{n+1})^2:
(xn+1)2−l2=(10−3xn)−(10−3l)(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 = (10 - 3x_n) - (10 - 3l)
(xn+1)2−l2=10−3xn−10+3l(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 = 10 - 3x_n - 10 + 3l
(xn+1)2−l2=3l−3xn(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 = 3l - 3x_n
(xn+1)2−l2=3(l−xn)(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 = 3(l - x_n)

Answer

(Shown)

3(iii)

1. Establish the sign of the expression $3(l - x_n)$ given the inequality $x_n < l$.

Given xn<lx_n < l, we can rearrange the inequality to obtain:
l−xn>0l - x_n > 0
Multiplying by 3 gives:
3(l−xn)>03(l - x_n) > 0

2. Use the result from part (ii) to determine the relationship between $x_{n+1}$ and $l$.

From the result in part (ii), we are given:
(xn+1)2−l2=3(l−xn)(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 = 3(l - x_n)
Since 3(l−xn)>03(l - x_n) > 0, it follows that:
(xn+1)2−l2>0(x_{n+1})^2 - l^2 > 0
(xn+1)2>l2(x_{n+1})^2 > l^2
We are given that the sequence consists of positive numbers, so xn+1>0x_{n+1} > 0. From part (i), the limit is l=2>0l = 2 > 0. Since both xn+1x_{n+1} and ll are strictly positive, taking the square root of both sides preserves the inequality:
xn+1>l(Shown)x_{n+1} > l \quad \text{(Shown)}

Answer

(Shown)

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