Answer all questions.

  1. (i)

    Find the set of values of the constant kk for which y=kx−2y = kx - 2 meets the curve y2=4x−x2y^2 = 4x - x^2.

  2. (ii)

    Given that 2x2+bx+c2x^2 + bx + c is always positive, write down and simplify the relationship between bb and cc. Explain why cc is never negative.

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Worked solution

1(i)

1. Substitute the equation of the line into the equation of the curve

Substitute y=kx−2y = kx - 2 into y2=4x−x2y^2 = 4x - x^2:
(kx−2)2=4x−x2(kx - 2)^2 = 4x - x^2

2. Expand and rearrange into a standard quadratic equation in $x$

k2x2−4kx+4=4x−x2k^2x^2 - 4kx + 4 = 4x - x^2
k2x2+x2−4kx−4x+4=0k^2x^2 + x^2 - 4kx - 4x + 4 = 0
(k2+1)x2−(4k+4)x+4=0(k^2 + 1)x^2 - (4k + 4)x + 4 = 0

3. Apply the discriminant condition for the line to meet the curve

For the line to meet the curve, the quadratic equation must have real roots, so b2−4ac⩾0b^2 - 4ac \geqslant 0.
[−(4k+4)]2−4(k2+1)(4)⩾0[-(4k + 4)]^2 - 4(k^2 + 1)(4) \geqslant 0

4. Solve the inequality for $k$

16(k+1)2−16(k2+1)⩾016(k + 1)^2 - 16(k^2 + 1) \geqslant 0
Divide by 16:
(k2+2k+1)−(k2+1)⩾0(k^2 + 2k + 1) - (k^2 + 1) \geqslant 0
2k⩾02k \geqslant 0
k⩾0k \geqslant 0

Answer

k⩾0k \geqslant 0

1(ii)

1. Apply the discriminant condition for a quadratic expression to be always positive.

For 2x2+bx+c>02x^2 + bx + c > 0 for all real xx, since the coefficient of x2x^2 is 2>02 > 0, the discriminant must be less than zero.
b2−4(2)(c)<0b^2 - 4(2)(c) < 0

2. Simplify the inequality to find the relationship between $b$ and $c$.

b2−8c<0b^2 - 8c < 0
b2<8cb^2 < 8c

3. Explain why $c$ is never negative.

Since bb is a real number, its square is non-negative, so b2≥0b^2 \ge 0.
Given 8c>b28c > b^2, we have 8c>08c > 0, which implies c>0c > 0.
Thus, cc is strictly positive and can never be negative.
(Alternatively, substituting x=0x=0 into 2x2+bx+c2x^2+bx+c gives cc. Since the expression is always positive, c>0c > 0.)

Answer

Relationship: b2<8cb^2 < 8c
Explanation: Since b2≥0b^2 \ge 0 for any real bb, and 8c>b28c > b^2, it follows that 8c>08c > 0, which means c>0c > 0. Therefore, cc is never negative.

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