由曲线 x=5−(y−1)2x = 5 - (y - 1)^2、直线 y=−xy = -x 和 xx 轴围成的阴影区域 R 绕 xx 轴旋转 360∘360^\circ。求所得旋转体的体积,答案保留两位小数。

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完整解法

1

1. Find the key intersection points between the curve, the line, and the x-axis.

Substitute x=−yx = -y into the curve equation x=5−(y−1)2x = 5 - (y - 1)^2:
−y=5−(y2−2y+1)-y = 5 - (y^2 - 2y + 1)
y2−3y−4=0y^2 - 3y - 4 = 0
(y−4)(y+1)=0(y - 4)(y + 1) = 0
Since the region is bounded below by the x-axis, y≥0y \ge 0, so y=4y = 4. This gives the top-left intersection point at x=−4x = -4.

The right boundary curve intersects the x-axis (y=0y=0) at x=5−(0−1)2=4x = 5 - (0-1)^2 = 4.

2. Express the curve $x = 5 - (y - 1)^2$ in terms of $y$ as a function of $x$.

(y−1)2=5−x(y - 1)^2 = 5 - x
y−1=±5−xy - 1 = \pm \sqrt{5 - x}
y=1±5−xy = 1 \pm \sqrt{5 - x}
The enclosed region is bounded on the right by the curve's upper branch y=1+5−xy = 1 + \sqrt{5 - x} (for −4≤x≤5-4 \le x \le 5) and the lower branch y=1−5−xy = 1 - \sqrt{5 - x} (for 4≤x≤54 \le x \le 5).

3. Set up the definite integrals for the volume of revolution about the x-axis.

The volume VV must be split into three parts based on the top and bottom boundaries:

  1. From x=−4x = -4 to x=0x = 0, bounded above by y=1+5−xy = 1 + \sqrt{5 - x} and below by y=−xy = -x.
  2. From x=0x = 0 to x=4x = 4, bounded above by y=1+5−xy = 1 + \sqrt{5 - x} and below by the x-axis (y=0y = 0).
  3. From x=4x = 4 to x=5x = 5, bounded above by y=1+5−xy = 1 + \sqrt{5 - x} and below by y=1−5−xy = 1 - \sqrt{5 - x}.

V=π∫−40[(1+5−x)2−(−x)2]dx+π∫04(1+5−x)2dx+π∫45[(1+5−x)2−(1−5−x)2]dxV = \pi \int_{-4}^{0} \left[ (1 + \sqrt{5-x})^2 - (-x)^2 \right] \text{d}x + \pi \int_{0}^{4} (1 + \sqrt{5-x})^2 \text{d}x + \pi \int_{4}^{5} \left[ (1 + \sqrt{5-x})^2 - (1 - \sqrt{5-x})^2 \right] \text{d}x

4. Evaluate the definite integrals to find the total volume.

Evaluating each integral exactly:
V1=π∫−40(6−x+25−x−x2)dx=π[6x−x22−43(5−x)3/2−x33]−40=π(140−2053)V_1 = \pi \int_{-4}^{0} (6 - x + 2\sqrt{5-x} - x^2) \text{d}x = \pi \left[ 6x - \frac{x^2}{2} - \frac{4}{3}(5-x)^{3/2} - \frac{x^3}{3} \right]_{-4}^0 = \pi \left( \frac{140 - 20\sqrt{5}}{3} \right)
V2=π∫04(6−x+25−x)dx=π[6x−x22−43(5−x)3/2]04=π(44+2053)V_2 = \pi \int_{0}^{4} (6 - x + 2\sqrt{5-x}) \text{d}x = \pi \left[ 6x - \frac{x^2}{2} - \frac{4}{3}(5-x)^{3/2} \right]_{0}^4 = \pi \left( \frac{44 + 20\sqrt{5}}{3} \right)
V3=π∫4545−xdx=π[−83(5−x)3/2]45=π(83)V_3 = \pi \int_{4}^{5} 4\sqrt{5-x} \text{d}x = \pi \left[ -\frac{8}{3}(5-x)^{3/2} \right]_4^5 = \pi \left( \frac{8}{3} \right)

Summing these parts gives a beautifully clean integer multiple:
V=π(140−205+44+205+83)V = \pi \left( \frac{140 - 20\sqrt{5} + 44 + 20\sqrt{5} + 8}{3} \right)
V=π(1923)=64πV = \pi \left( \frac{192}{3} \right) = 64\pi
V≈201.0619…V \approx 201.0619 \dots

To 2 decimal places, the volume is 201.06201.06.

答案

201.06

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