The curve CC has parametric equations
x=t2+2,y=t3,where t∈R.x = t^2 + 2, \quad y = t^3, \quad \text{where } t \in \mathbb{R}.

  1. (a)

    Sketch CC.

  2. (b)

    Find the equation of the tangent to CC at the point (6,8)(6, 8).

  3. (c)

    The tangent to CC at the point (6,8)(6, 8) meets the curve CC again at point PP. Find the coordinates of point PP.

  4. (d)

    The normal to CC at the point (m2+2,m3)\left(m^2 + 2, m^3\right) meets the xx- and yy-axes at the points QQ and RR respectively. Given that the point FF is the mid-point of QRQR, find the coordinates of FF in terms of mm.

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Worked solution

7(a)

1. Find the Cartesian equation of the curve to determine its domain and shape (or sketch directly using a graphing calculator).

x=t2+2  ⟹  t2=x−2x = t^2 + 2 \implies t^2 = x - 2
y=t3  ⟹  y2=(t2)3=(x−2)3y = t^3 \implies y^2 = (t^2)^3 = (x-2)^3
Since t∈Rt \in \mathbb{R}, t2≥0  ⟹  x≥2t^2 \ge 0 \implies x \ge 2.
The curve is given by y2=(x−2)3y^2 = (x-2)^3 defined for x≥2x \ge 2.

2. Identify key features and describe the sketch of the curve.

At t=0t = 0, x=2x = 2 and y=0y = 0, so the xx-intercept is at (2,0)(2, 0).
The gradient dydx=3t22t=32t\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3t^2}{2t} = \frac{3}{2}t.
At t=0t = 0, dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0, meaning there is a horizontal tangent (a cusp) at (2,0)(2, 0).
The equation y2=(x−2)3y^2 = (x-2)^3 shows symmetry about the xx-axis. The curve is drawn in the first and fourth quadrants, curving outwards as x→∞x \to \infty.

Answer

A curve symmetric about the xx-axis, starting from a horizontal cusp at the xx-intercept (2,0)(2, 0), and extending into the 1st and 4th quadrants with no yy-intercepts.

7(b)

1. Determine the value of the parameter $t$ corresponding to the point $(6, 8)$.

Substitute y=8y = 8 into the equation for yy:
t3=8  ⟹  t=2t^3 = 8 \implies t = 2
Verify with the xx-coordinate:
x=(2)2+2=6x = (2)^2 + 2 = 6
Since this is consistent, t=2t = 2 at the point (6,8)(6, 8).

2. Differentiate the parametric equations with respect to $t$ to find $\frac{dy}{dx}$.

dxdt=2t\frac{dx}{dt} = 2t
dydt=3t2\frac{dy}{dt} = 3t^2
Using the chain rule:
dydx=dydtdxdt=3t22t=3t2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}} = \frac{3t^2}{2t} = \frac{3t}{2}

3. Calculate the gradient of the tangent at $t = 2$ and formulate its equation.

Substitute t=2t = 2 into dydx\frac{dy}{dx}:
m=3(2)2=3m = \frac{3(2)}{2} = 3
Using the point-gradient form for the tangent equation at (6,8)(6, 8):
y−8=3(x−6)y - 8 = 3(x - 6)
y−8=3x−18y - 8 = 3x - 18
y=3x−10y = 3x - 10

Answer

y=3x−10y = 3x - 10

7(c)

1. Retrieve or derive the equation of the tangent to $C$ at $(6, 8)$ from the preceding part.

At the point (6,8)(6, 8), t3=8  ⟹  t=2t^3 = 8 \implies t = 2.

From parametric differentiation:
dxdt=2t\frac{dx}{dt} = 2t and dydt=3t2\frac{dy}{dt} = 3t^2
dydx=3t22t=32t\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3t^2}{2t} = \frac{3}{2}t

At t=2t = 2, the gradient m=32(2)=3m = \frac{3}{2}(2) = 3.
The equation of the tangent is:
y−8=3(x−6)  ⟹  y=3x−10y - 8 = 3(x - 6) \implies y = 3x - 10

2. Substitute the parametric equations of $C$ into the tangent equation to find intersection points.

Substitute x=t2+2x = t^2 + 2 and y=t3y = t^3 into y=3x−10y = 3x - 10:
t3=3(t2+2)−10t^3 = 3(t^2 + 2) - 10
t3−3t2+4=0t^3 - 3t^2 + 4 = 0

3. Solve the polynomial equation for $t$.

Since the tangent touches the curve at t=2t = 2, t=2t = 2 must be a repeated root of this equation. By factorisation (or using a graphing calculator):
(t−2)2(t+1)=0(t - 2)^2(t + 1) = 0
For the point PP where the line meets the curve again, t+1=0  ⟹  t=−1t + 1 = 0 \implies t = -1.

4. Find the coordinates of $P$ using the parameter $t = -1$.

Substitute t=−1t = -1 into the parametric equations of CC:
x=(−1)2+2=3x = (-1)^2 + 2 = 3
y=(−1)3=−1y = (-1)^3 = -1

The coordinates of point PP are (3,−1)(3, -1).

Answer

(3,−1)(3, -1)

7(d)

1. Find the gradient of the normal to the curve at the point where $t = m$.

Since x=t2+2x = t^2 + 2 and y=t3y = t^3, we have dxdt=2t\frac{dx}{dt} = 2t and dydt=3t2\frac{dy}{dt} = 3t^2.
The gradient of the tangent is dydx=3t22t=32t\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3t^2}{2t} = \frac{3}{2}t.
At t=mt=m, the gradient of the tangent is 32m\frac{3}{2}m.
Therefore, the gradient of the normal is −132m=−23m-\frac{1}{\frac{3}{2}m} = -\frac{2}{3m}.

2. Formulate the equation of the normal line.

Using the point-gradient form, the equation of the normal at (m2+2,m3)\left(m^2+2, m^3\right) is:
y−m3=−23m(x−(m2+2))y - m^3 = -\frac{2}{3m} \left(x - (m^2+2)\right)
Multiplying by 3m3m to eliminate the fraction:
3my−3m4=−2x+2m2+43my - 3m^4 = -2x + 2m^2 + 4
2x+3my=3m4+2m2+42x + 3my = 3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4

3. Find the coordinates of the $x$ and $y$ intercepts, $Q$ and $R$.

To find QQ (the xx-intercept), set y=0y=0:
2x=3m4+2m2+4  ⟹  x=3m4+2m2+422x = 3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4 \implies x = \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{2}
So, QQ is (3m4+2m2+42,0)\left(\frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{2}, 0\right).

To find RR (the yy-intercept), set x=0x=0:
3my=3m4+2m2+4  ⟹  y=3m4+2m2+43m3my = 3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4 \implies y = \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{3m}
So, RR is (0,3m4+2m2+43m)\left(0, \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{3m}\right).

4. Calculate the coordinates of the midpoint $F$.

Since FF is the midpoint of QRQR, its coordinates are the average of the coordinates of QQ and RR:
xF=3m4+2m2+42+02=3m4+2m2+44x_F = \frac{\frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{2} + 0}{2} = \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{4}
yF=0+3m4+2m2+43m2=3m4+2m2+46my_F = \frac{0 + \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{3m}}{2} = \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{6m}
Hence, the coordinates of FF are (3m4+2m2+44,3m4+2m2+46m)\left( \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{4}, \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{6m} \right).

Answer

(3m4+2m2+44,3m4+2m2+46m)\left( \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{4}, \frac{3m^4 + 2m^2 + 4}{6m} \right)

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