A curve C is defined by the parametric equations x=θ2−1,y=tan⁡θ2,0≤θ<πx = \theta^2 - 1,\quad y = \tan\frac{\theta}{2},\quad 0 \le \theta < \pi. Find the area of the region which is bounded by C, the y-axis and the x-axis for which x≤0x \le 0. Give your answer to 4 decimal places.

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Worked solution

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1. Determine the limits of $\theta$ corresponding to the region bounded by the coordinate axes for $x \le 0$.

The curve intersects the x-axis (y=0y = 0):
tan⁡(θ2)=0  ⟹  θ=0\tan\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) = 0 \implies \theta = 0
At θ=0\theta = 0, x=−1x = -1.

The curve intersects the y-axis (x=0x = 0):
θ2−1=0  ⟹  θ=1\theta^2 - 1 = 0 \implies \theta = 1 (since 0≤θ<π0 \le \theta < \pi)

The region bounded by the curve and the axes for x≤0x \le 0 corresponds to 0≤θ≤10 \le \theta \le 1.

2. Formulate the definite integral for the area under the curve.

The area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, and the y-axis is given by ∫x1x2y dx\int_{x_1}^{x_2} y \, dx.
Using the parametric equations, we find dxdθ\frac{dx}{d\theta}:
x=θ2−1  ⟹  dxdθ=2θ  ⟹  dx=2θ dθx = \theta^2 - 1 \implies \frac{dx}{d\theta} = 2\theta \implies dx = 2\theta \, d\theta

Substituting yy and dxdx into the integral over the interval 0≤θ≤10 \le \theta \le 1:
Area=∫01tan⁡(θ2)(2θ) dθ\text{Area} = \int_{0}^{1} \tan\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) (2\theta) \, d\theta

3. Evaluate the integral to 4 decimal places using a graphing calculator.

Using a graphing calculator (in radian mode):
Area=∫012θtan⁡(θ2) dθ≈0.35129...\text{Area} = \int_{0}^{1} 2\theta \tan\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) \, d\theta \approx 0.35129...

Rounding to 4 decimal places:
Area=0.3513\text{Area} = 0.3513

Answer

0.3513

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