The curve CC has equation y=x2−3x+31−xy = \dfrac{x^{2}-3x+3}{1-x}.

  1. (a)

    Sketch CC, stating the coordinates of any turning points and points of intersection with the axes, and the equations of any asymptotes.

  2. (b)

    Determine the set of exact values of kk such that CC and the line y=kxy = kx has two points of intersection for all real values of xx.

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Worked solution

2(a)

1. Find the point(s) of intersection with the coordinate axes.

Substitute x=0x = 0 into the equation of CC:
y=02−3(0)+31−0=3y = \frac{0^2 - 3(0) + 3}{1 - 0} = 3
The yy-intercept is (0,3)(0, 3).

Substitute y=0y = 0:
x2−3x+3=0x^2 - 3x + 3 = 0
The discriminant Δ=(−3)2−4(1)(3)=9−12=−3\Delta = (-3)^2 - 4(1)(3) = 9 - 12 = -3.
Since Δ<0\Delta < 0, there are no real roots, hence the curve does not intersect the xx-axis.

2. Determine the equations of the asymptotes.

The denominator cannot be zero, giving the vertical asymptote:
1−x=0  ⟹  x=11 - x = 0 \implies x = 1

To find the oblique asymptote, perform polynomial division on x2−3x+31−x\frac{x^2 - 3x + 3}{1-x}:
x2−3x+3−x+1=−x(1−x)−2x+31−x=−x+−2(1−x)+11−x=−x+2+11−x\frac{x^2 - 3x + 3}{-x + 1} = \frac{-x(1-x) - 2x + 3}{1-x} = -x + \frac{-2(1-x) + 1}{1-x} = -x + 2 + \frac{1}{1-x}
As x→±∞x \to \pm\infty, 11−x→0\frac{1}{1-x} \to 0, so the oblique asymptote is:
y=−x+2y = -x + 2

3. Find the coordinates of the turning points.

Differentiate y=−x+2+(1−x)−1y = -x + 2 + (1-x)^{-1} with respect to xx:
dydx=−1+(1−x)−2(−1)(−1)=−1+1(1−x)2\frac{dy}{dx} = -1 + (1-x)^{-2}(-1)(-1) = -1 + \frac{1}{(1-x)^2}
At the turning points, dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0:
−1+1(1−x)2=0  ⟹  (1−x)2=1-1 + \frac{1}{(1-x)^2} = 0 \implies (1-x)^2 = 1
1−x=1or1−x=−11 - x = 1 \quad \text{or} \quad 1 - x = -1
x=0orx=2x = 0 \quad \text{or} \quad x = 2
Substitute back to find the corresponding yy-values:
When x=0x = 0, y=−0+2+11−0=3y = -0 + 2 + \frac{1}{1-0} = 3.
When x=2x = 2, y=−2+2+11−2=−1y = -2 + 2 + \frac{1}{1-2} = -1.

The turning points are (0,3)(0, 3) and (2,−1)(2, -1).

4. Describe the sketch of the curve $C$.

Draw a set of axes and include the following:

  • A vertical dashed line at x=1x = 1.
  • A dashed line for the oblique asymptote y=−x+2y = -x + 2.
  • The upper branch for x<1x < 1, passing through the local minimum and yy-intercept at (0,3)(0, 3), bounded by the asymptotes.
  • The lower branch for x>1x > 1, with a local maximum at (2,−1)(2, -1), bounded by the asymptotes.
Answer

Turning points: (0,3)(0, 3) and (2,−1)(2, -1)
Intersection with axes: (0,3)(0, 3) only
Asymptotes: x=1x = 1 and y=−x+2y = -x + 2
(A complete sketch should be drawn on the coordinate axes incorporating these features.)

2(b)

1. Form a quadratic equation in $x$ for the intersection

At intersection points kx=x2−3x+31−xkx = \dfrac{x^{2}-3x+3}{1-x}.

Multiply by (1−x)(1-x):
kx(1−x)=x2−3x+3kx(1-x) = x^{2}-3x+3
kx−kx2=x2−3x+3kx - kx^{2} = x^{2}-3x+3
Rearranging:
(1+k)x2−(3+k)x+3=0.(1+k)x^{2} - (3+k)x + 3 = 0.
For two points of intersection this quadratic must have two distinct real roots, so we also need 1+k≠01+k \neq 0.

2. Apply discriminant > 0 and solve the quadratic inequality in $k$

Two distinct real roots require discriminant >0> 0:
(3+k)2−4(1+k)(3)>0(3+k)^{2} - 4(1+k)(3) > 0
9+6k+k2−12−12k>09 + 6k + k^{2} - 12 - 12k > 0
k2−6k−3>0.k^{2} - 6k - 3 > 0.
Roots of k2−6k−3=0k^{2}-6k-3=0: k=6±36+122=3±23k = \dfrac{6 \pm \sqrt{36+12}}{2} = 3 \pm 2\sqrt{3}.

Since the parabola opens upward:
k<3−23ork>3+23.k < 3 - 2\sqrt{3} \quad \text{or} \quad k > 3 + 2\sqrt{3}.

3. Exclude the degenerate value and state the set

When 1+k=01+k = 0, i.e. k=−1k = -1, the equation becomes linear −2x+3=0-2x+3 = 0, giving only ONE intersection. Since −1<3−23 (≈−0.46)-1 < 3-2\sqrt{3}\ (\approx -0.46), k=−1k=-1 lies in the region above and must be removed.

Hence
{ k∈R:k<3−23 or k>3+23 }∖{−1}.\{\,k \in \mathbb{R}: k < 3 - 2\sqrt{3} \text{ or } k > 3 + 2\sqrt{3}\,\} \setminus \{-1\}.

Answer

{ k∈R:k<3−23 or k>3+23 }∖{−1}\{\,k \in \mathbb{R}: k < 3 - 2\sqrt{3} \text{ or } k > 3 + 2\sqrt{3}\,\} \setminus \{-1\}

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