The graphs of y=f′(x)y=f'(x) and y=∣f(x)∣y=|f(x)| are shown below.

  1. (a)

    State the nature of all turning point(s) of the graph of y=f(x)y=f(x).

  2. (b)

    State the range of values of xx where f is decreasing.

  3. (c)

    Sketch the graph of y=f(x)y=f(x) indicating clearly the equations of the asymptotes, coordinates of the turning point(s) and the intersections with the axes.

  4. (d)

    On the copy of the graph of y=∣f(x)∣y=|f(x)| in the Printed Answer Booklet, sketch and label a line y=kx+3y=kx+3, where kk is a constant. Hence state the range of values of kk for which there is no real solution to the equation ∣f(x)∣=kx+3|f(x)| = kx + 3.

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Worked solution

5(a)

1. Identify the $x$-coordinates of the turning points from the graph of $y = f'(x)$.

Turning points of y=f(x)y = \mathrm{f}(x) occur where f′(x)=0\mathrm{f}'(x) = 0.
From the given graph of y=f′(x)y = \mathrm{f}'(x), the xx-intercepts are at x=−2x = -2 and x=1.5x = 1.5.
Thus, the turning points are at x=−2x = -2 and x=1.5x = 1.5.

2. Determine the nature of each turning point by observing the sign change of $f'(x)$.

At x=−2x = -2, the graph of y=f′(x)y = \mathrm{f}'(x) crosses the xx-axis from above to below. This means f′(x)\mathrm{f}'(x) changes from positive to negative, indicating a local maximum.

At x=1.5x = 1.5, the graph of y=f′(x)y = \mathrm{f}'(x) also falls and crosses the xx-axis from above to below. This means f′(x)\mathrm{f}'(x) changes from positive to negative, indicating a local maximum as well.

Answer

The turning points at x=−2x = -2 and x=1.5x = 1.5 are both local maxima.

5(b)

1. State the condition for f to be decreasing in terms of f'.

ff is decreasing where f′(x)<0f'(x) < 0, i.e. where the graph of y=f′(x)y=f'(x) lies below the xx-axis.

2. Read the interval where f'(x) < 0 from the graph.

From the graph of y=f′(x)y=f'(x), the curve is below the xx-axis between its zeros at x=−2x=-2 and x=1.5x=1.5 (it is positive for x<−2x<-2). Hence f′(x)<0f'(x)<0 for −2<x<1.5-2 < x < 1.5.

Answer

ff is decreasing for −2<x<1.5-2 < x < 1.5.

5(c)

1. Identify the asymptotes of f(x)

Since y=∣f(x)∣y=|f(x)| has a vertical spike at x=1.5x=1.5, f(x)f(x) has a vertical asymptote x=1.5x=1.5.

As x→−∞x\to-\infty, f′(x)→1f'(x)\to1, so ff has gradient 11 far out; the reference lines y=x+3y=x+3 and its reflection y=−x−3y=-x-3 on the ∣f(x)∣|f(x)| graph (meeting the axis at (−3,0)(-3,0)) show the oblique asymptote y=x+3y=x+3.

2. Recover the sign of f and locate the turning point

f′(x)=0f'(x)=0 at x=−2x=-2 with f′>0f'>0 for x<−2x<-2 and f′<0f'<0 just after, so x=−2x=-2 is a maximum. From the ∣f(x)∣|f(x)| graph the point (−2,2)(-2,2) lies on a smooth peak, and ff stays positive on −3<x<1-3<x<1, so the maximum is at (−2,2)(-2,2).

The parts of ∣f(x)∣|f(x)| that touch the axis with a corner (x=−3, 1, 2.5x=-3,\,1,\,2.5) are where f=0f=0. Reflect back below the axis the sections where ff was negative (for x<−3x<-3, for 1<x<1.51<x<1.5, and for 1.5<x<2.51.5<x<2.5) to obtain the true graph of ff.

3. Produce the labelled sketch with all required features

Draw both asymptotes x=1.5x=1.5 (dashed vertical) and y=x+3y=x+3 (dashed oblique). Plot the maximum (−2,2)(-2,2) and the intercepts (−3,0)(-3,0), (1,0)(1,0), (2.5,0)(2.5,0).

Left branch: comes up along y=x+3y=x+3 from the lower left, crosses (−3,0)(-3,0), rises to the maximum (−2,2)(-2,2), then falls, crossing (1,0)(1,0) and dropping to −∞-\infty as x→1.5−x\to1.5^-.

Right branch: rises from −∞-\infty as x→1.5+x\to1.5^+, crosses (2.5,0)(2.5,0) and approaches the oblique asymptote y=x+3y=x+3 from below.

Answer

Sketch of y=f(x)y=f(x) showing:

  • vertical asymptote x=1.5x=1.5 and oblique asymptote y=x+3y=x+3;
  • a maximum turning point at (−2,2)(-2,2);
  • xx-intercepts at (−3,0)(-3,0), (1,0)(1,0) and (2.5,0)(2.5,0);
  • the left branch rising from the oblique asymptote up to the maximum (−2,2)(-2,2) then falling to −∞-\infty at x=1.5−x=1.5^- (so the section 1<x<1.51<x<1.5 is below the axis), and the right branch rising from −∞-\infty at x=1.5+x=1.5^+, crossing at (2.5,0)(2.5,0) and approaching y=x+3y=x+3.

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