Do not use a graphic calculator in answering this question. It is given that sin⁡x>2xπ\sin x > \dfrac{2x}{\pi} for 0<x<π20 < x < \dfrac{\pi}{2}.

  1. ((i))

    Explain why ∫0π2e−sin⁡x dx<∫0π2e−2xπ dx .\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}\,dx\,.

  2. ((ii))

    By making the substitution u=π−xu = \pi - x, show that

    ∫π2πe−sin⁡x dx=∫0π2e−sin⁡u du .\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin u}\,du\,.

  3. ((iii))

    Hence show that ∫0πe−sin⁡x dx<πe(e−1) .\int_{0}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < \frac{\pi}{e}(e-1)\,.

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Worked solution

6((i))

1. Establish the inequality for the integrands.

Given that sin⁡x>2xπ\sin x > \frac{2x}{\pi} for 0<x<π20 < x < \frac{\pi}{2}, multiplying by −1-1 reverses the inequality sign:
−sin⁡x<−2xπ-\sin x < -\frac{2x}{\pi}
Since y=exy = e^x is a strictly increasing function for all real xx, applying the exponential function to both sides maintains the inequality:
e−sin⁡x<e−2xπe^{-\sin x} < e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}

2. Integrate both sides to conclude the proof.

Since e−sin⁡x<e−2xπe^{-\sin x} < e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}} for all xx in the interval (0,π2)\left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right), the area under the curve y=e−sin⁡xy = e^{-\sin x} is strictly less than the area under y=e−2xπy = e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}} over this interval.

Integrating both sides with respect to xx from 00 to π2\frac{\pi}{2} gives:
∫0π2e−sin⁡x dx<∫0π2e−2xπ dx\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}\,dx

Answer

As shown in the working.

6((ii))

1. Find the differential $dx$ in terms of $du$ and determine the new limits of integration.

Let u=π−xu = \pi - x.
Then dudx=−1  ⟹  dx=−du\frac{du}{dx} = -1 \implies dx = -du.

When x=π2x = \frac{\pi}{2}, u=π−π2=π2u = \pi - \frac{\pi}{2} = \frac{\pi}{2}.
When x=πx = \pi, u=π−π=0u = \pi - \pi = 0.

2. Substitute into the integral, apply trigonometric identities, and simplify.

∫π2πe−sin⁡x dx=∫π20e−sin⁡(π−u) (−du)\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx = \int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{0} e^{-\sin(\pi - u)}\,(-du)

Since sin⁡(π−u)=sin⁡u\sin(\pi - u) = \sin u, this becomes:
=−∫π20e−sin⁡u du= -\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{0} e^{-\sin u}\,du

Reversing the limits of integration removes the negative sign:
=∫0π2e−sin⁡u du= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin u}\,du (shown)

Answer

Shown.

6((iii))

1. Split the integral from $0$ to $\pi$ and apply the result from part (ii).

∫0πe−sin⁡x dx=∫0π2e−sin⁡x dx+∫π2πe−sin⁡x dx\int_{0}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin x}\,dx + \int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx
From (ii), we know that ∫π2πe−sin⁡x dx=∫0π2e−sin⁡u du=∫0π2e−sin⁡x dx\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin u}\,du = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin x}\,dx.
∴∫0πe−sin⁡x dx=2∫0π2e−sin⁡x dx\therefore \int_{0}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx = 2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin x}\,dx

2. Apply the inequality from part (i).

From (i), ∫0π2e−sin⁡x dx<∫0π2e−2xπ dx\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}\,dx.
∴∫0πe−sin⁡x dx<2∫0π2e−2xπ dx\therefore \int_{0}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < 2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}\,dx

3. Evaluate the definite integral of the exponential function.

∫0π2e−2xπ dx=[e−2xπ−2π]0π2\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}\,dx = \left[ \frac{e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}}{-\frac{2}{\pi}} \right]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}
=−π2(e−1−e0)= -\frac{\pi}{2} \left( e^{-1} - e^0 \right)
=−π2(1e−1)=π2(e−1e)= -\frac{\pi}{2} \left( \frac{1}{e} - 1 \right) = \frac{\pi}{2} \left( \frac{e-1}{e} \right)

4. Substitute the evaluated integral back to complete the proof.

2∫0π2e−2xπ dx=2(π2)(e−1e)=πe(e−1)2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} e^{-\frac{2x}{\pi}}\,dx = 2 \left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right) \left( \frac{e-1}{e} \right) = \frac{\pi}{e}(e-1)
∴∫0πe−sin⁡x dx<πe(e−1)\therefore \int_{0}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < \frac{\pi}{e}(e-1)

Answer

∫0πe−sin⁡x dx<πe(e−1)\int_{0}^{\pi} e^{-\sin x}\,dx < \frac{\pi}{e}(e-1)

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