It is given that f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d\mathrm{f}(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d, where aa, bb, cc and dd are constants. The curve CC with equation y=f(x)y = \mathrm{f}(x) passes through (0,−1)(0, -1) and has a maximum point at (−1,1)(-1, 1). The area bounded by CC, the xx-axis and the lines x=2x = 2 and x=3x = 3 is 314\frac{31}{4} units2^2. Given that f(x)>0\mathrm{f}(x) > 0 for 2<x<32 < x < 3, find the values of aa, bb, cc and dd.

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Worked solution

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1. Use the coordinates of the given points to form equations involving the constants.

Since the curve passes through (0,−1)(0, -1):
f(0)=d=−1\mathrm{f}(0) = d = -1

Since the curve passes through (−1,1)(-1, 1):
f(−1)=a(−1)3+b(−1)2+c(−1)−1=1\mathrm{f}(-1) = a(-1)^3 + b(-1)^2 + c(-1) - 1 = 1
−a+b−c−1=1-a + b - c - 1 = 1
−a+b−c=2— (1)-a + b - c = 2 \quad \text{--- (1)}

2. Form an equation using the condition for a stationary point.

Find the derivative of f(x)\mathrm{f}(x):
f′(x)=3ax2+2bx+c\mathrm{f}'(x) = 3ax^2 + 2bx + c

Since there is a maximum point at x=−1x = -1, f′(−1)=0\mathrm{f}'(-1) = 0:
3a(−1)2+2b(−1)+c=03a(-1)^2 + 2b(-1) + c = 0
3a−2b+c=0— (2)3a - 2b + c = 0 \quad \text{--- (2)}

3. Form an equation using the given area under the curve.

Given that f(x)>0\mathrm{f}(x) > 0 for 2<x<32 < x < 3, the area is given by the definite integral:
∫23(ax3+bx2+cx−1) dx=314\int_2^3 (ax^3 + bx^2 + cx - 1) \,\mathrm{d}x = \frac{31}{4}

Integrating and evaluating:
[a4x4+b3x3+c2x2−x]23=314\left[ \frac{a}{4}x^4 + \frac{b}{3}x^3 + \frac{c}{2}x^2 - x \right]_2^3 = \frac{31}{4}
(81a4+9b+9c2−3)−(4a+8b3+2c−2)=314\left( \frac{81a}{4} + 9b + \frac{9c}{2} - 3 \right) - \left( 4a + \frac{8b}{3} + 2c - 2 \right) = \frac{31}{4}
65a4+19b3+5c2−1=314\frac{65a}{4} + \frac{19b}{3} + \frac{5c}{2} - 1 = \frac{31}{4}
65a4+19b3+5c2=354\frac{65a}{4} + \frac{19b}{3} + \frac{5c}{2} = \frac{35}{4}

Multiplying by 1212 to clear denominators:
195a+76b+30c=105— (3)195a + 76b + 30c = 105 \quad \text{--- (3)}

4. Solve the system of linear equations for $a$, $b$, and $c$.

From (1), c=−a+b−2c = -a + b - 2.
Substitute cc into (2):
3a−2b+(−a+b−2)=03a - 2b + (-a + b - 2) = 0
2a−b−2=0  ⟹  b=2a−22a - b - 2 = 0 \implies b = 2a - 2

Substitute bb into cc:
c=−a+(2a−2)−2  ⟹  c=a−4c = -a + (2a - 2) - 2 \implies c = a - 4

Substitute bb and cc into (3):
195a+76(2a−2)+30(a−4)=105195a + 76(2a - 2) + 30(a - 4) = 105
195a+152a−152+30a−120=105195a + 152a - 152 + 30a - 120 = 105
377a−272=105377a - 272 = 105
377a=377  ⟹  a=1377a = 377 \implies a = 1

Hence:
b=2(1)−2=0b = 2(1) - 2 = 0
c=1−4=−3c = 1 - 4 = -3

Answer

a=1a = 1, b=0b = 0, c=−3c = -3, d=−1d = -1

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