A sequence TnT_n is given by Tn=extln(na)+bn2+cT_n = ext{ln}(n^a) + bn^2 + c for nextoldsymbolmackslashinextoldsymbolmackslashZ+n ext{ } oldsymbol{ m ackslash in} ext{ } oldsymbol{ m ackslash Z}^+. The first three terms of the sequence are 99, 17.30617.306 and 31.90131.901.

  1. (a)

    Find the values of aa, bb and cc, correct to the nearest integers.

  2. (b)

    Using the integer values found in part (a), find the sum of the first hundred terms of TnT_n.

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Worked solution

1(a)

1. Formulate a system of linear equations using the first three terms of the sequence.

Given Tn=ln⁡(na)+bn2+cT_n = \ln(n^a) + bn^2 + c, we substitute n=1,2,3n=1, 2, 3 to form equations based on the given terms.

For n=1n = 1:
T1=ln⁡(1a)+b(1)2+c=9T_1 = \ln(1^a) + b(1)^2 + c = 9
0+b+c=90 + b + c = 9 --- (1)

For n=2n = 2:
T2=ln⁡(2a)+b(2)2+c=17.306T_2 = \ln(2^a) + b(2)^2 + c = 17.306
aln⁡2+4b+c=17.306a\ln 2 + 4b + c = 17.306 --- (2)

For n=3n = 3:
T3=ln⁡(3a)+b(3)2+c=31.901T_3 = \ln(3^a) + b(3)^2 + c = 31.901
aln⁡3+9b+c=31.901a\ln 3 + 9b + c = 31.901 --- (3)

2. Solve the system of equations simultaneously to find the values of $a$, $b$, and $c$.

From (1), c=9−bc = 9 - b. Substitute this into (2) and (3):
aln⁡2+4b+(9−b)=17.306  ⟹  aln⁡2+3b=8.306a\ln 2 + 4b + (9 - b) = 17.306 \implies a\ln 2 + 3b = 8.306 --- (4)
aln⁡3+9b+(9−b)=31.901  ⟹  aln⁡3+8b=22.901a\ln 3 + 9b + (9 - b) = 31.901 \implies a\ln 3 + 8b = 22.901 --- (5)

Multiply (4) by 88 and (5) by 33 to align coefficients for bb:
8aln⁡2+24b=66.4488a\ln 2 + 24b = 66.448
3aln⁡3+24b=68.7033a\ln 3 + 24b = 68.703

Subtracting the first aligned equation from the second to eliminate bb:
a(3ln⁡3−8ln⁡2)=2.255a(3\ln 3 - 8\ln 2) = 2.255
a(−2.2493)≈2.255  ⟹  a≈−1.0025a(-2.2493) \approx 2.255 \implies a \approx -1.0025

Substitute aa back into (4) to find bb:
−1.0025ln⁡2+3b=8.306  ⟹  3b≈9.0009  ⟹  b≈3.0003-1.0025\ln 2 + 3b = 8.306 \implies 3b \approx 9.0009 \implies b \approx 3.0003

Substitute bb to find cc:
c=9−b≈9−3.0003=5.9997c = 9 - b \approx 9 - 3.0003 = 5.9997

3. Round the calculated values to the nearest integer as required.

Rounding the values of aa, bb, and cc to the nearest integers:
a=−1a = -1
b=3b = 3
c=6c = 6

Answer

a=−1a = -1, b=3b = 3, c=6c = 6

1(b)

1. Determine the values of $a$, $b$, and $c$ from the given first three terms.

T1=ln⁡(1a)+b(1)2+c=9  ⟹  b+c=9T_1 = \ln(1^a) + b(1)^2 + c = 9 \implies b + c = 9
T2=aln⁡(2)+4b+c=17.306T_2 = a\ln(2) + 4b + c = 17.306
T3=aln⁡(3)+9b+c=31.901T_3 = a\ln(3) + 9b + c = 31.901
Subtracting the first equation from the second and third gives:
aln⁡2+3b=8.306a\ln 2 + 3b = 8.306
aln⁡3+8b=22.901a\ln 3 + 8b = 22.901
Solving these simultaneously yields a≈−1.002a \approx -1.002, b≈3.000b \approx 3.000, and c≈6.000c \approx 6.000. Rounding to the nearest integers, we get a=−1a = -1, b=3b = 3, c=6c = 6.

2. Evaluate the sum of the first 100 terms of the sequence.

Substitute a,b,ca, b, c into the sequence formula:
Tn=ln⁡(n−1)+3n2+6=−ln⁡n+3n2+6T_n = \ln(n^{-1}) + 3n^2 + 6 = -\ln n + 3n^2 + 6
The sum of the first 100 terms is:
S100=∑n=1100(−ln⁡n+3n2+6)S_{100} = \sum_{n=1}^{100} (-\ln n + 3n^2 + 6)
We can evaluate this by applying summation formulas and evaluating with a graphing calculator:
S100=−∑n=1100ln⁡n+3∑n=1100n2+∑n=11006S_{100} = -\sum_{n=1}^{100} \ln n + 3\sum_{n=1}^{100} n^2 + \sum_{n=1}^{100} 6
S100=−ln⁡(100!)+3(100×101×2016)+600S_{100} = -\ln(100!) + 3\left(\frac{100 \times 101 \times 201}{6}\right) + 600
S100=1015650−ln⁡(100!)≈1015286.26S_{100} = 1015650 - \ln(100!) \approx 1015286.26
To 3 significant figures, the sum is 1.02×1061.02 \times 10^6.

Answer

1015650−ln⁡(100!)1015650 - \ln(100!) or 1.02×1061.02 \times 10^6

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