By writing sin⁡3x\sin^3 x as sin⁡2x(sin⁡x)\sin^2 x(\sin x), find ∫sin⁡3xcos⁡3x dx\int \sin^3 x \cos^3 x \text{ d}x. Find ∫5−6x5−3x2+2x dx\int \frac{5 - 6x}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x.

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Worked solution

4(a)

1. Use the given hint and the identity $\sin^2 x = 1 - \cos^2 x$ to rewrite the integrand.

∫sin⁡3xcos⁡3x dx=∫sin⁡2x(sin⁡x)cos⁡3x dx\int \sin^3 x \cos^3 x \text{ d}x = \int \sin^2 x (\sin x) \cos^3 x \text{ d}x
=∫(1−cos⁡2x)cos⁡3xsin⁡x dx= \int (1 - \cos^2 x) \cos^3 x \sin x \text{ d}x

2. Apply the substitution $u = \cos x$ to evaluate the integral.

Let u=cos⁡xu = \cos x. Then dudx=−sin⁡x\frac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}x} = -\sin x, which gives sin⁡x dx=−du\sin x \text{ d}x = -\text{d}u.
∫(1−cos⁡2x)cos⁡3xsin⁡x dx=∫(1−u2)u3(−du)\int (1 - \cos^2 x) \cos^3 x \sin x \text{ d}x = \int (1 - u^2) u^3 (-\text{d}u)
=∫(u5−u3) du= \int (u^5 - u^3) \text{ d}u
=u66−u44+C= \frac{u^6}{6} - \frac{u^4}{4} + C

3. Substitute back $u = \cos x$ to express the final answer in terms of $x$.

=16cos⁡6x−14cos⁡4x+C= \frac{1}{6}\cos^6 x - \frac{1}{4}\cos^4 x + C

Answer

16cos⁡6x−14cos⁡4x+C\frac{1}{6}\cos^6 x - \frac{1}{4}\cos^4 x + C

4(b)

1. Split the numerator to express it in terms of the derivative of the quadratic expression in the denominator.

Let f(x)=5−3x2+2xf(x) = 5 - 3x^2 + 2x. Then f′(x)=2−6xf'(x) = 2 - 6x.
We rewrite the numerator 5−6x5 - 6x as (2−6x)+3(2 - 6x) + 3 to split the integral:
∫5−6x5−3x2+2x dx=∫2−6x+35−3x2+2x dx\int \frac{5 - 6x}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x = \int \frac{2 - 6x + 3}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x
=∫2−6x5−3x2+2x dx+∫35−3x2+2x dx= \int \frac{2 - 6x}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x + \int \frac{3}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x

2. Evaluate the first integral using the exact derivative.

Using the reverse chain rule for ∫f′(x)[f(x)]n dx\int f'(x)[f(x)]^n \text{ d}x:
∫(2−6x)(5−3x2+2x)−12 dx=(5−3x2+2x)1212=25−3x2+2x\int (2 - 6x)(5 - 3x^2 + 2x)^{-\frac{1}{2}} \text{ d}x = \frac{(5 - 3x^2 + 2x)^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\frac{1}{2}} = 2\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}

3. Complete the square for the quadratic expression to prepare the second integral.

Factorising the coefficient of x2x^2 and completing the square:
5−3x2+2x=5−3(x2−23x)5 - 3x^2 + 2x = 5 - 3\left(x^2 - \frac{2}{3}x\right)
=5−3[(x−13)2−(13)2]= 5 - 3\left[ \left(x - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \right]
=5−3(x−13)2+13= 5 - 3\left(x - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 + \frac{1}{3}
=163−3(x−13)2= \frac{16}{3} - 3\left(x - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2
=3[169−(x−13)2]= 3\left[ \frac{16}{9} - \left(x - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \right]

4. Evaluate the second integral using the standard inverse sine formula and state the final answer.

∫35−3x2+2x dx=∫33[169−(x−13)2] dx\int \frac{3}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x = \int \frac{3}{\sqrt{3\left[ \frac{16}{9} - \left(x - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \right]}} \text{ d}x
=33∫1(43)2−(x−13)2 dx= \frac{3}{\sqrt{3}} \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^2 - \left(x - \frac{1}{3}\right)^2}} \text{ d}x
Using the standard formula ∫1a2−x2 dx=sin⁡−1(xa)\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} \text{ d}x = \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right):
=3sin⁡−1(x−1343)= \sqrt{3} \sin^{-1}\left( \frac{x - \frac{1}{3}}{\frac{4}{3}} \right)
=3sin⁡−1(3x−14)= \sqrt{3} \sin^{-1}\left( \frac{3x - 1}{4} \right)
Combining the results and adding the constant of integration cc:
∫5−6x5−3x2+2x dx=25−3x2+2x+3sin⁡−1(3x−14)+c\int \frac{5 - 6x}{\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x}} \text{ d}x = 2\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x} + \sqrt{3} \sin^{-1}\left( \frac{3x - 1}{4} \right) + c

Answer

25−3x2+2x+3sin⁡−1(3x−14)+c2\sqrt{5 - 3x^2 + 2x} + \sqrt{3} \sin^{-1}\left( \frac{3x - 1}{4} \right) + c

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