The diagram above shows a sketch of the graph of y=f(x)y=f(x) for xge0x \\ge 0. There are nn rectangles each of width hh drawn under the curve for 1lexle31 \\le x \\le 3. Each rectangle when rotated through 2π2\pi radians about the x-axis, will result in a cylindrical disc. The total volume of the nn cylindrical discs V1V_1, can be used to estimate the volume VV, which is the actual volume generated when the region bounded by the curve, the lines x=1x=1 and x=3x=3, and the x-axis is rotated through 2π2\pi radians about the x-axis.

  1. (a)

    Show that V1V_1, the total volume of the nn cylindrical discs, is given by V1=πn∑r=0n−1[f(1+rh)]2.V_1 = \pi n \sum_{r=0}^{n-1} \bigl[f(1+ r h)\bigr]^2. State the value of hh in terms of nn.

  2. (b)

    From the above diagram, it can be observed that V1<VV_1 < V. Write down V2V_2, a similar expression as V1V_1 where V2>VV_2 > V.

  3. (It is now given that $f(x) = \dfrac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}}$ for $x \ge 0.$)
    1. (c)

      Find the value of lim⁡n→∞V1.\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} V_1.

    2. (d)

      Find the area of the region bounded by y=f(x)y = f(x) and another curve with equation (x−1)2+(y−3)2=9,(x-1)^2 + (y-3)^2 = 9, for y≤3y \le 3.

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Worked solution

10(b)

1. Formulate the sum for the upper rectangles to overestimate the volume.

For V2>VV_2 > V, the cylindrical discs must overestimate the volume. Since the curve y=f(x)y=f(x) is increasing on the interval 1≤x≤31 \le x \le 3, we must construct the rectangles using the right endpoints of each sub-interval. The radius of each disc will therefore be f(1+rh)f(1+rh) for r=1,2,…,nr=1, 2, \dots, n.
The volume of each disc is π[f(1+rh)]2h\pi [f(1+rh)]^2 h.
Summing these nn discs gives:
V2=πh∑r=1n[f(1+rh)]2V_2 = \pi h \sum_{r=1}^n \bigl[f(1+rh)\bigr]^2

Answer

V2=πh∑r=1n[f(1+rh)]2V_2 = \pi h \sum_{r=1}^{n} \bigl[f(1+rh)\bigr]^2

10(It is now given that $f(x) = \dfrac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}}$ for $x \ge 0.$)(c)

1. Relate the limit of the Riemann sum to the definite integral for the volume of revolution.

As n→∞n \to \infty, the limit of the Riemann sum V1V_1 gives the exact volume of revolution VV about the xx-axis.
lim⁡n→∞V1=V=π∫13[f(x)]2 dx\lim_{n \to \infty} V_1 = V = \pi \int_{1}^{3} [f(x)]^2 \, dx

2. Substitute the given function and evaluate the integral using a graphing calculator.

Substitute f(x)=x21+exf(x) = \dfrac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}}:
V=π∫13(x21+ex)2 dxV = \pi \int_{1}^{3} \left( \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}} \right)^2 \, dx
V=π∫13x41+ex dxV = \pi \int_{1}^{3} \frac{x^4}{1+e^x} \, dx
Evaluating this definite integral using a graphing calculator:
V≈π(3.91262)≈12.292V \approx \pi (3.91262) \approx 12.292
lim⁡n→∞V1=12.3 (to 3 s.f.)\lim_{n \to \infty} V_1 = 12.3 \text{ (to 3 s.f.)}

Answer

12.312.3

10(It is now given that $f(x) = \dfrac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}}$ for $x \ge 0.$)(d)

1. Express the given equation of the second curve as a function of $x$.

(x−1)2+(y−3)2=9(x-1)^2 + (y-3)^2 = 9
(y−3)2=9−(x−1)2(y-3)^2 = 9 - (x-1)^2
Since y≤3y \le 3, we take the negative square root to represent the lower semicircle:
y−3=−9−(x−1)2y - 3 = -\sqrt{9 - (x-1)^2}
y=3−9−(x−1)2y = 3 - \sqrt{9 - (x-1)^2}

2. Find the $x$-coordinates of the intersection points between the two curves using a graphing calculator.

Let y1=x21+exy_1 = \dfrac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}} and y2=3−9−(x−1)2y_2 = 3 - \sqrt{9 - (x-1)^2}.
Equating y1=y2y_1 = y_2 and solving using a graphing calculator yields the intersection points:
x1≈0.33833x_1 \approx 0.33833
x2≈3.8744x_2 \approx 3.8744

3. Set up the definite integral for the enclosed area.

Observing the graphs on the GC, the curve y1y_1 lies above y2y_2 in the interval 0.33833≤x≤3.87440.33833 \le x \le 3.8744. The area AA is given by:
A=∫0.338333.8744(y1−y2)dxA = \int_{0.33833}^{3.8744} \left( y_1 - y_2 \right) dx
A=∫0.338333.8744(x21+ex−(3−9−(x−1)2))dxA = \int_{0.33833}^{3.8744} \left( \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+e^x}} - \left( 3 - \sqrt{9 - (x-1)^2} \right) \right) dx

4. Evaluate the definite integral using the graphing calculator.

Evaluating the definite integral directly with the graphing calculator:
A≈3.0242A \approx 3.0242
A=3.02 (to 3 s.f.)A = 3.02 \text{ (to 3 s.f.)}

Answer

3.023.02

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