It is given that f(x)={4x,0≤x<1(3−x)2,1≤x≤3f(x)=\begin{cases}4x,&0\le x<1\\(3-x)^2,&1\le x\le 3\end{cases} and f(−x)=−f(x)f(-x)=-f(x). It is also known that f(x)=f(x+6)f(x)=f(x+6) for all real values of xx.

  1. (i)

    Show that f(4)=−1f(4)=-1.

  2. (ii)

    Sketch the graph of y=f(x)y=f(x) for −6≤x≤9-6\le x\le 9.

  3. (iii)

    Find the exact value of ∫−57∣f(x)∣ dx\int_{-5}^{7} |f(x)|\,dx.

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Worked solution

2(i)

1. Relate $f(4)$ to $f(-2)$ using the periodic property.

Given f(x)=f(x+6)f(x) = f(x+6) for all real xx, we can substitute x=−2x = -2:
f(4)=f(−2+6)=f(−2)f(4) = f(-2 + 6) = f(-2)

2. Evaluate $f(-2)$ using the odd function property and the piecewise definition.

Given f(−x)=−f(x)f(-x) = -f(x), we have f(−2)=−f(2)f(-2) = -f(2).
For x=2x = 2, we use the interval 1≤x≤31 \le x \le 3 where f(x)=(3−x)2f(x) = (3-x)^2.
f(2)=(3−2)2=1f(2) = (3 - 2)^2 = 1
Therefore, f(4)=−f(2)=−1f(4) = -f(2) = -1 (shown).

Answer

f(4) = -1 \text{ (shown)}

2(ii)

1. Sketch the primary piecewise function for $0 \le x \le 3$.

For 0≤x<10 \le x < 1, the graph of y=4xy = 4x is a straight line segment starting from (0,0)(0,0) and ending at (1,4)(1,4).
For 1≤x≤31 \le x \le 3, the graph of y=(3−x)2y = (3-x)^2 is a parabola opening upwards. It starts at (1,4)(1,4) and has its vertex at the xx-axis intercept (3,0)(3,0).

2. Apply the odd function property to extend the graph to $-3 \le x < 0$.

The condition f(−x)=−f(x)f(-x) = -f(x) implies the graph has 180∘180^\circ rotational symmetry about the origin.
Reflecting the primary graph through the origin gives:

  • A straight line from (0,0)(0,0) down to (−1,−4)(-1,-4).
  • A downward-opening parabola from (−1,−4)(-1,-4) ending at its vertex (−3,0)(-3,0).
    This forms a complete period of length 66 on the interval [−3,3][-3, 3].

3. Use the periodic property to extend the graph over the required full domain $-6 \le x \le 9$.

The relation f(x)=f(x+6)f(x) = f(x+6) indicates the function is periodic with a period of 66.
Translate the basic shape of [−3,3][-3, 3] to the left by 66 units for [−6,−3][-6, -3]:

  • (0,0)→(−6,0)(0,0) \rightarrow (-6,0)
  • (1,4)→(−5,4)(1,4) \rightarrow (-5,4)
    Translate the shape of [−3,3][-3, 3] to the right by 66 units for [3,9][3, 9]:
  • (−1,−4)→(5,−4)(-1,-4) \rightarrow (5,-4)
  • (0,0)→(6,0)(0,0) \rightarrow (6,0)
  • (1,4)→(7,4)(1,4) \rightarrow (7,4)
  • (3,0)→(9,0)(3,0) \rightarrow (9,0)
    Connect these translated key points with the corresponding alternating straight lines and parabolic curves.
Answer

A continuous graph over [−6,9][-6, 9] consisting of line segments and parabolas, passing through and labelled at the key points (−6,0)(-6,0), (−5,4)(-5,4), (−3,0)(-3,0), (−1,−4)(-1,-4), (0,0)(0,0), (1,4)(1,4), (3,0)(3,0), (5,−4)(5,-4), (6,0)(6,0), (7,4)(7,4), and (9,0)(9,0).

2(iii)

1. Evaluate the integral of $|f(x)|$ over $0 \le x \le 3$.

Since f(x)≥0f(x) \ge 0 for 0≤x≤30 \le x \le 3, ∣f(x)∣=f(x)|f(x)| = f(x) on this interval.
∫03∣f(x)∣ dx=∫014x dx+∫13(3−x)2 dx\int_0^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_0^1 4x \, \mathrm{d}x + \int_1^3 (3-x)^2 \, \mathrm{d}x
∫03∣f(x)∣ dx=[2x2]01+[−(3−x)33]13\int_0^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = \left[ 2x^2 \right]_0^1 + \left[ -\frac{(3-x)^3}{3} \right]_1^3
∫03∣f(x)∣ dx=(2−0)+(0−(−83))\int_0^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = (2 - 0) + \left( 0 - \left(-\frac{8}{3}\right) \right)
∫03∣f(x)∣ dx=2+83=143\int_0^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = 2 + \frac{8}{3} = \frac{14}{3}

2. Use the odd property of $f(x)$ to evaluate the integral over a full period $[-3, 3]$.

Given f(−x)=−f(x)f(-x) = -f(x), we have ∣f(−x)∣=∣−f(x)∣=∣f(x)∣|f(-x)| = |-f(x)| = |f(x)|, making ∣f(x)∣|f(x)| an even function.
The area under the graph is symmetric about the yy-axis, so the integral over the half-period [−3,0][-3, 0] is equal to the integral over [0,3][0, 3].
The integral over one full period of 6 (from x=−3x = -3 to x=3x = 3) is:
∫−33∣f(x)∣ dx=2∫03∣f(x)∣ dx=2(143)=283\int_{-3}^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = 2 \int_0^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = 2 \left(\frac{14}{3}\right) = \frac{28}{3}

3. Apply the periodic property to evaluate the integral over $[-5, 7]$.

Since f(x+6)=f(x)f(x+6) = f(x), the function ∣f(x)∣|f(x)| is also periodic with a period of 6.
The interval from x=−5x = -5 to x=7x = 7 has a length of 7−(−5)=127 - (-5) = 12, which comprises exactly two full periods.
For any periodic function, the integral over an interval spanning multiple full periods is independent of the starting point.
∫−57∣f(x)∣ dx=2∫−33∣f(x)∣ dx\int_{-5}^7 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = 2 \int_{-3}^3 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x
∫−57∣f(x)∣ dx=2(283)=563\int_{-5}^7 |f(x)| \, \mathrm{d}x = 2 \left(\frac{28}{3}\right) = \frac{56}{3}

Answer

563\frac{56}{3}

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