A curve has the equation y=x3+kx2+kx+8y = x^3 + kx^2 + kx + 8. Find the set of values of kk such that

  1. (a)

    the curve is an increasing function,

  2. (b)

    the curve has exactly 1 stationary point.

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Worked solution

4(a)

1. Find the first derivative of the curve equation.

dydx=3x2+2kx+k\frac{dy}{dx} = 3x^2 + 2kx + k

2. State the condition for the curve to be an increasing function.

For an increasing function, dydx⩾0\frac{dy}{dx} \geqslant 0 for all real values of xx.
3x2+2kx+k⩾03x^2 + 2kx + k \geqslant 0

3. Apply the discriminant condition for the quadratic to be always non-negative.

Since the coefficient of x2x^2 is 3>03 > 0, the quadratic is non-negative for all xx if its discriminant is less than or equal to 00.
b2−4ac⩽0b^2 - 4ac \leqslant 0
(2k)2−4(3)(k)⩽0(2k)^2 - 4(3)(k) \leqslant 0
4k2−12k⩽04k^2 - 12k \leqslant 0

4. Solve the quadratic inequality to find the range of values for $k$.

4k(k−3)⩽04k(k - 3) \leqslant 0
0⩽k⩽30 \leqslant k \leqslant 3

Answer

0⩽k⩽30 \leqslant k \leqslant 3

4(b)

1. Find the derivative of the curve and set it to zero to find stationary points.

dydx=3x2+2kx+k\frac{dy}{dx} = 3x^2 + 2kx + k
For stationary points, dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0:
3x2+2kx+k=03x^2 + 2kx + k = 0

2. Apply the discriminant condition for exactly one stationary point.

For exactly 1 stationary point, the quadratic equation 3x2+2kx+k=03x^2 + 2kx + k = 0 must have exactly one real root (repeated root).
Discriminant, b2−4ac=0b^2 - 4ac = 0
(2k)2−4(3)(k)=0(2k)^2 - 4(3)(k) = 0
4k2−12k=04k^2 - 12k = 0

3. Solve for $k$.

4k(k−3)=04k(k - 3) = 0
k=0 or k=3k = 0 \text{ or } k = 3

Answer

k=0k = 0 or k=3k = 3

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