求下列式子关于 xx 的导数:

  1. (a)

    4x−x23\sqrt[3]{4x - x^2}

  2. (b)

    (3x+1)4x−3,x≠3\frac{(3x + 1)^4}{x - 3}, \quad x \ne 3

  3. (c)

    cos⁡(sin⁡x)\cos(\sin x)

  4. (d)

    sin⁡−1(1−x)\sin^{-1}(1 - x)

  5. (e)

    ln⁡x+3x−3\ln \sqrt{\frac{x + 3}{x - 3}}

  6. (f)

    exex+e−x\frac{\text{e}^x}{\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x}}

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完整解法

2(a)

1. Rewrite the radical expression with a fractional exponent to prepare for differentiation.

Let y=4x−x23=(4x−x2)13y = \sqrt[3]{4x - x^2} = (4x - x^2)^{\frac{1}{3}}

2. Apply the chain rule to differentiate the expression.

dydx=13(4x−x2)13−1⋅ddx(4x−x2)\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{1}{3}(4x - x^2)^{\frac{1}{3}-1} \cdot \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x}(4x - x^2)
=13(4x−x2)−23⋅(4−2x)= \frac{1}{3}(4x - x^2)^{-\frac{2}{3}} \cdot (4 - 2x)

3. Simplify the derivative into a single algebraic fraction.

dydx=4−2x3(4x−x2)23\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{4 - 2x}{3(4x - x^2)^{\frac{2}{3}}}

答案

4−2x3(4x−x2)23\frac{4 - 2x}{3(4x - x^2)^{\frac{2}{3}}}

2(b)

1. Apply the chain rule to differentiate the numerator.

ddx[(3x+1)4]=4(3x+1)3⋅(3)=12(3x+1)3\frac{d}{dx}[(3x + 1)^4] = 4(3x + 1)^3 \cdot (3) = 12(3x + 1)^3

2. Apply the quotient rule to differentiate the given expression.

ddx(uv)=vdudx−udvdxv2\frac{d}{dx}\left( \frac{u}{v} \right) = \frac{v \frac{du}{dx} - u \frac{dv}{dx}}{v^2}

ddx((3x+1)4x−3)=(x−3)[12(3x+1)3]−(3x+1)4(1)(x−3)2\frac{d}{dx}\left( \frac{(3x+1)^4}{x-3} \right) = \frac{(x - 3)[12(3x + 1)^3] - (3x + 1)^4(1)}{(x - 3)^2}

3. Factorise the numerator and simplify.

=(3x+1)3[12(x−3)−(3x+1)](x−3)2= \frac{(3x + 1)^3 [12(x - 3) - (3x + 1)]}{(x - 3)^2}

=(3x+1)3(12x−36−3x−1)(x−3)2= \frac{(3x + 1)^3 (12x - 36 - 3x - 1)}{(x - 3)^2}

=(3x+1)3(9x−37)(x−3)2= \frac{(3x + 1)^3 (9x - 37)}{(x - 3)^2}

答案

(3x+1)3(9x−37)(x−3)2\frac{(3x+1)^3(9x - 37)}{(x-3)^2}

2(c)

1. Apply the chain rule by differentiating the outer function

ddx[cos⁡(sin⁡x)]=−sin⁡(sin⁡x)⋅ddx(sin⁡x)\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x} [ \cos(\sin x) ] = -\sin(\sin x) \cdot \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x}(\sin x)

2. Differentiate the inner function to obtain the final expression

=−sin⁡(sin⁡x)cos⁡x=-\sin(\sin x) \cos x

答案

−cos⁡xsin⁡(sin⁡x)-\cos x \sin(\sin x)

2(d)

1. Apply the standard derivative formula for the inverse sine function along with the chain rule.

ddx[sin⁡−1(1−x)]=11−(1−x)2⋅ddx(1−x)\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x} \left[ \sin^{-1}(1 - x) \right] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (1 - x)^2}} \cdot \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x}(1 - x)
=11−(1−x)2⋅(−1)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (1 - x)^2}} \cdot (-1)

2. Expand and simplify the expression under the square root.

1−(1−x)2=1−(1−2x+x2)1 - (1 - x)^2 = 1 - (1 - 2x + x^2)
=2x−x2= 2x - x^2

∴ddx[sin⁡−1(1−x)]=−12x−x2\therefore \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x} \left[ \sin^{-1}(1 - x) \right] = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}}

答案

−12x−x2-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}}

2(e)

1. Simplify the logarithmic expression using the laws of logarithms.

ln⁡x+3x−3=ln⁡(x+3x−3)12\ln \sqrt{\frac{x + 3}{x - 3}} = \ln \left(\frac{x + 3}{x - 3}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
=12ln⁡(x+3x−3)= \frac{1}{2} \ln \left(\frac{x + 3}{x - 3}\right)
=12[ln⁡(x+3)−ln⁡(x−3)]= \frac{1}{2} [\ln (x + 3) - \ln (x - 3)]

2. Differentiate the simplified expression with respect to $x$.

ddx(12[ln⁡(x+3)−ln⁡(x−3)])=12(1x+3−1x−3)\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x} \left( \frac{1}{2} [\ln (x + 3) - \ln (x - 3)] \right) = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{1}{x + 3} - \frac{1}{x - 3} \right)

3. Combine the fractions over a common denominator and simplify.

=12((x−3)−(x+3)(x+3)(x−3))= \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{(x - 3) - (x + 3)}{(x + 3)(x - 3)} \right)
=12(−6x2−9)= \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{-6}{x^2 - 9} \right)
=−3x2−9= \frac{-3}{x^2 - 9}

答案

−3x2−9\frac{-3}{x^2 - 9}

2(f)

1. Apply the quotient rule to set up the derivative.

ddx(exex+e−x)=(ex+e−x)ddx(ex)−exddx(ex+e−x)(ex+e−x)2\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \left( \frac{\text{e}^x}{\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x}} \right) = \frac{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x}) \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(\text{e}^x) - \text{e}^x \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})}{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})^2}

2. Differentiate the exponential terms and expand the numerator.

=(ex+e−x)(ex)−ex(ex−e−x)(ex+e−x)2= \frac{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})(\text{e}^x) - \text{e}^x(\text{e}^x - \text{e}^{-x})}{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})^2}
=e2x+e0−(e2x−e0)(ex+e−x)2= \frac{\text{e}^{2x} + \text{e}^0 - (\text{e}^{2x} - \text{e}^0)}{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})^2}

3. Simplify the numerator to obtain the final expression.

Since e0=1\text{e}^0 = 1:
=e2x+1−e2x+1(ex+e−x)2= \frac{\text{e}^{2x} + 1 - \text{e}^{2x} + 1}{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})^2}
=2(ex+e−x)2= \frac{2}{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})^2}

答案

2(ex+e−x)2\frac{2}{(\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x})^2}

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