The functions f\text{f} and g\text{g} are defined as follows
f:x↦ln⁡(3x−2)x,x>23\text{f} : x \mapsto \frac{\ln(3x - 2)}{x}, x > \frac{2}{3}
g:x↦3x2−12x+13,x∈R\text{g} : x \mapsto 3x^2 - 12x + 13, x \in \mathbb{R}

  1. (i)

    Sketch the graph of y=f(x)y = \text{f}(x), indicating the equations of asymptotes, coordinates of intersections with the axes and turning points, if any.

  2. (ii)

    Show that fg\text{fg} exists and find its range.

  3. (iii)

    The function h\text{h} is defined as
    h:x↦g(x),x≤k\text{h} : x \mapsto \text{g}(x), x \le k
    such that h−1\text{h}^{-1} exists.

    State the largest value of kk. For this value of kk, find h−1\text{h}^{-1} in a similar form.

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Worked solution

5(i)

1. Determine the equations of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

As x→(23)+x \to \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^+, (3x−2)→0+(3x - 2) \to 0^+ and ln⁡(3x−2)→−∞\ln(3x - 2) \to -\infty.
Thus, f(x)→−∞\text{f}(x) \to -\infty, yielding a vertical asymptote at x=23x = \frac{2}{3}.

As x→∞x \to \infty, ln⁡(3x−2)x→0\frac{\ln(3x - 2)}{x} \to 0.
Thus, there is a horizontal asymptote at y=0y = 0.

2. Find the coordinates of the intersection with the axes.

Since the domain is x>23x > \frac{2}{3}, xx cannot be 00. Hence, there is no yy-intercept.

To find the xx-intercept, set y=0y = 0:
ln⁡(3x−2)x=0\frac{\ln(3x - 2)}{x} = 0
ln⁡(3x−2)=0\ln(3x - 2) = 0
3x−2=e0=13x - 2 = e^0 = 1
3x=3  ⟹  x=13x = 3 \implies x = 1

The intersection with the axes is at (1,0)(1, 0).

3. Use a graphing calculator to find the coordinates of the turning point.

Using the maximum point feature on a graphing calculator for the function y=ln⁡(3x−2)xy = \frac{\ln(3x - 2)}{x}:
x≈2.106x \approx 2.106
y≈0.6946y \approx 0.6946

Correcting to 3 significant figures, the maximum turning point is (2.11,0.695)(2.11, 0.695).

Answer

Asymptotes: x=23x = \frac{2}{3}, y=0y = 0
Intersection with axes: (1,0)(1, 0)
Turning point: (2.11,0.695)(2.11, 0.695)

(Your sketch should show a smooth curve rising from the right of the vertical asymptote x=23x = \frac{2}{3}, crossing the xx-axis at 11, turning at the local maximum (2.11,0.695)(2.11, 0.695), and gently descending to approach the horizontal asymptote y=0y = 0 from above as x→∞x \to \infty.)

5(ii)

1. Find the range of g.

By completing the square,
g(x)=3(x2−4x)+13=3(x−2)2−12+13=3(x−2)2+1g(x) = 3(x^2 - 4x) + 13 = 3(x-2)^2 - 12 + 13 = 3(x-2)^2 + 1
Since (x−2)2≥0(x-2)^2 \ge 0 for all real xx, the minimum value of g(x)g(x) is 11.
Therefore, the range of g\text{g} is Rg=[1,∞)\text{R}_\text{g} = [1, \infty).

2. Show that the composite function fg exists.

The domain of f\text{f} is Df=(23,∞)\text{D}_\text{f} = \left(\frac{2}{3}, \infty\right).
Since Rg=[1,∞)\text{R}_\text{g} = [1, \infty) and [1,∞)⊆(23,∞)[1, \infty) \subseteq \left(\frac{2}{3}, \infty\right), we have Rg⊆Df\text{R}_\text{g} \subseteq \text{D}_\text{f}.
Hence, the composite function fg\text{fg} exists.

3. Find the range of fg.

The range of fg\text{fg} corresponds to the range of f\text{f} restricted to the domain x∈Rg=[1,∞)x \in \text{R}_\text{g} = [1, \infty).
At the lower bound x=1x = 1, f(1)=ln⁡(3(1)−2)1=0\text{f}(1) = \frac{\ln(3(1)-2)}{1} = 0.
As x→∞x \to \infty, f(x)→0\text{f}(x) \to 0.
Using a graphing calculator to find the maximum point of y=f(x)y = \text{f}(x) for x≥1x \ge 1, we obtain a maximum value of y≈0.69468y \approx 0.69468 at x≈2.11x \approx 2.11.
Therefore, the range of fg\text{fg} is [0,0.695][0, 0.695] (to 3 significant figures).

Answer

[0,0.695][0, 0.695]

5(iii)

1. Complete the square for $\text{g}(x)$ to find its turning point.

g(x)=3x2−12x+13\text{g}(x) = 3x^2 - 12x + 13
g(x)=3(x2−4x)+13\text{g}(x) = 3(x^2 - 4x) + 13
g(x)=3[(x−2)2−4]+13\text{g}(x) = 3[(x - 2)^2 - 4] + 13
g(x)=3(x−2)2−12+13\text{g}(x) = 3(x - 2)^2 - 12 + 13
g(x)=3(x−2)2+1\text{g}(x) = 3(x - 2)^2 + 1

The turning point is a minimum at x=2x = 2.

2. Determine the largest value of $k$ for $\text{h}$ to have an inverse.

For h−1\text{h}^{-1} to exist, h\text{h} must be a one-to-one function.
Since the minimum point is at x=2x = 2, restricting the domain to x≤kx \le k limits the curve to its decreasing portion, which is one-to-one as long as it does not pass the vertex.
Therefore, the largest value of kk is 22.

3. Express $x$ in terms of $y$ to find the inverse function formula.

Let y=3(x−2)2+1y = 3(x - 2)^2 + 1
3(x−2)2=y−13(x - 2)^2 = y - 1
(x−2)2=y−13(x - 2)^2 = \frac{y - 1}{3}
x−2=±y−13x - 2 = \pm\sqrt{\frac{y - 1}{3}}

Since the domain of h\text{h} is x≤2x \le 2, we must have x−2≤0x - 2 \le 0, so we reject the positive root:
x−2=−y−13x - 2 = -\sqrt{\frac{y - 1}{3}}
x=2−y−13x = 2 - \sqrt{\frac{y - 1}{3}}

4. Determine the domain of the inverse and state it in a similar mapping form.

The domain of h−1\text{h}^{-1} is the range of h\text{h}.
For x≤2x \le 2, the minimum value of h(x)\text{h}(x) is 11, so the range of h\text{h} is y≥1y \ge 1.
Thus, the domain of h−1\text{h}^{-1} is x≥1x \ge 1.

In similar form:
h−1:x↦2−x−13,x≥1\text{h}^{-1} : x \mapsto 2 - \sqrt{\frac{x - 1}{3}}, x \ge 1

Answer

k=2k = 2

h−1:x↦2−x−13,x≥1\text{h}^{-1} : x \mapsto 2 - \sqrt{\frac{x - 1}{3}}, x \ge 1

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