A curve CC is defined by the parametric equations x=θ2−1x = \theta^2 - 1, y=tan⁡θ2y = \tan\frac{\theta}{2}, 0≤θ<π0 \le \theta < \pi. Find the area of the region which is bounded by CC, the yy-axis and the xx-axis for which x≤0x \le 0. Give your answer to 4 decimal places.

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Worked solution

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1. Find the values of $\theta$ corresponding to the boundary intersections with the $x$ and $y$ axes.

To find the intersection with the xx-axis, we set y=0y = 0:
tan⁡θ2=0  ⟹  θ=0\tan\frac{\theta}{2} = 0 \implies \theta = 0
At θ=0\theta = 0, x=−1x = -1.

To find the intersection with the yy-axis, we set x=0x = 0:
θ2−1=0  ⟹  θ2=1  ⟹  θ=1 (since 0≤θ<π)\theta^2 - 1 = 0 \implies \theta^2 = 1 \implies \theta = 1 \text{ (since } 0 \le \theta < \pi)
Thus, the bounded region corresponds to the parameter interval 0≤θ≤10 \le \theta \le 1.

2. Set up the definite integral for the area using the parametric equations.

The area of the region bounded by the curve, the xx-axis, and the yy-axis (for x≤0x \le 0) is given by the integral of yy with respect to xx:
Area=∫−10y dx\text{Area} = \int_{-1}^{0} y \, dx

Differentiating xx with respect to θ\theta:
dxdθ=2θ  ⟹  dx=2θ dθ\frac{dx}{d\theta} = 2\theta \implies dx = 2\theta \, d\theta

Substituting the parametric expressions and the corresponding θ\theta limits:
Area=∫01tan⁡(θ2)(2θ) dθ\text{Area} = \int_{0}^{1} \tan\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) (2\theta) \, d\theta

3. Evaluate the definite integral using a graphing calculator.

Using a graphing calculator to evaluate the integral numerically (ensuring the calculator is in radian mode):
∫012θtan⁡(θ2) dθ≈0.351288...\int_{0}^{1} 2\theta \tan\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) \, d\theta \approx 0.351288...
Area=0.3513 (to 4 d.p.)\text{Area} = 0.3513 \text{ (to 4 d.p.)}

Answer

0.35130.3513

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