It is given that f(n)=n5n−1\text{f}(n) = \frac{n}{5^{n-1}} where nn is a positive integer.

  1. (a)

    By considering f(r)−f(r+1)\text{f}(r) - \text{f}(r+1), find an expression for ∑r=2n4r−15r\sum_{r=2}^{n} \frac{4r - 1}{5^r}.

  2. (b)

    Hence find an expression for ∑r=1n4r+65r+1\sum_{r=1}^{n} \frac{4r + 6}{5^{r+1}}.

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Worked solution

5(a)

1. Evaluate and simplify $\text{f}(r) - \text{f}(r+1)$ to show its relationship to the summand.

f(r)−f(r+1)=r5r−1−r+15r\text{f}(r) - \text{f}(r+1) = \frac{r}{5^{r-1}} - \frac{r+1}{5^r}
=5r5r−r+15r= \frac{5r}{5^r} - \frac{r+1}{5^r}
=4r−15r= \frac{4r - 1}{5^r}

2. Express the summation using the method of differences and cancel the intermediate terms.

∑r=2n4r−15r=∑r=2n(f(r)−f(r+1))\sum_{r=2}^{n} \frac{4r - 1}{5^r} = \sum_{r=2}^{n} \big( \text{f}(r) - \text{f}(r+1) \big)
=(f(2)−f(3))+(f(3)−f(4))+⋯+(f(n−1)−f(n))+(f(n)−f(n+1))= \big( \text{f}(2) - \text{f}(3) \big) + \big( \text{f}(3) - \text{f}(4) \big) + \dots + \big( \text{f}(n-1) - \text{f}(n) \big) + \big( \text{f}(n) - \text{f}(n+1) \big)
=f(2)−f(n+1)= \text{f}(2) - \text{f}(n+1)

3. Substitute the specific values into the function $\text{f}$ to obtain the final simplified expression.

f(2)=252−1=25\text{f}(2) = \frac{2}{5^{2-1}} = \frac{2}{5}
f(n+1)=n+15(n+1)−1=n+15n\text{f}(n+1) = \frac{n+1}{5^{(n+1)-1}} = \frac{n+1}{5^n}
∑r=2n4r−15r=25−n+15n\sum_{r=2}^{n} \frac{4r - 1}{5^r} = \frac{2}{5} - \frac{n+1}{5^n}

Answer

\frac{2}{5} - \frac{n+1}{5^n}

5(b)

1. State the result from part (a), finding the expression for the sum by the method of differences.

First, evaluate the expression established in part (a):
f(r)−f(r+1)=r5r−1−r+15r=5r−(r+1)5r=4r−15r\text{f}(r) - \text{f}(r+1) = \frac{r}{5^{r-1}} - \frac{r+1}{5^r} = \frac{5r - (r+1)}{5^r} = \frac{4r - 1}{5^r}
∑r=2n4r−15r=f(2)−f(n+1)=25−n+15n\sum_{r=2}^{n} \frac{4r-1}{5^r} = \text{f}(2) - \text{f}(n+1) = \frac{2}{5} - \frac{n+1}{5^n}

2. Apply an index substitution to match the denominator in the target sum with part (a).

Let k=r+1k = r+1. When r=1r=1, k=2k=2; when r=nr=n, k=n+1k=n+1.
∑r=1n4r+65r+1=∑k=2n+14(k−1)+65k=∑k=2n+14k+25k\sum_{r=1}^{n} \frac{4r+6}{5^{r+1}} = \sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{4(k-1)+6}{5^k} = \sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{4k+2}{5^k}

3. Split the modified sum into a term resembling part (a) and a separate term.

∑k=2n+14k+25k=∑k=2n+14k−1+35k=∑k=2n+14k−15k+∑k=2n+135k\sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{4k+2}{5^k} = \sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{4k-1+3}{5^k} = \sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{4k-1}{5^k} + \sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{3}{5^k}

4. Evaluate the first summation using the result from part (a).

Replacing nn with n+1n+1 in the result derived in part (a):
∑k=2n+14k−15k=f(2)−f(n+2)=25−n+25n+1\sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{4k-1}{5^k} = \text{f}(2) - \text{f}(n+2) = \frac{2}{5} - \frac{n+2}{5^{n+1}}

5. Evaluate the second summation as a finite geometric series.

The series ∑k=2n+135k\sum_{k=2}^{n+1} \frac{3}{5^k} is a geometric progression with first term a=325a = \frac{3}{25}, common ratio r=15r = \frac{1}{5}, and nn terms.
Sn=325(1−(15)n)1−15=32545(1−15n)=320(1−15n)S_n = \frac{\frac{3}{25} \left(1 - \left(\frac{1}{5}\right)^n\right)}{1 - \frac{1}{5}} = \frac{\frac{3}{25}}{\frac{4}{5}} \left(1 - \frac{1}{5^n}\right) = \frac{3}{20} \left(1 - \frac{1}{5^n}\right)

6. Combine the parts and simplify algebraically to obtain a single expression.

Summing the evaluations together:
Total sum=25−n+25n+1+320−320⋅5n\text{Total sum} = \frac{2}{5} - \frac{n+2}{5^{n+1}} + \frac{3}{20} - \frac{3}{20 \cdot 5^n}
Notice that 320⋅5n=34⋅5⋅5n=34⋅5n+1\frac{3}{20 \cdot 5^n} = \frac{3}{4 \cdot 5 \cdot 5^n} = \frac{3}{4 \cdot 5^{n+1}}. Gather constant terms and terms with 5n+15^{n+1} in the denominator:
=(25+320)−(4(n+2)4⋅5n+1+34⋅5n+1)= \left(\frac{2}{5} + \frac{3}{20}\right) - \left( \frac{4(n+2)}{4 \cdot 5^{n+1}} + \frac{3}{4 \cdot 5^{n+1}} \right)
=1120−4n+8+34⋅5n+1= \frac{11}{20} - \frac{4n+8+3}{4 \cdot 5^{n+1}}
=1120−4n+114⋅5n+1= \frac{11}{20} - \frac{4n+11}{4 \cdot 5^{n+1}}

Answer

\frac{11}{20} - \frac{4n+11}{4 \cdot 5^{n+1}}

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