The equation of a curve is given by 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3+3x^2y=y^3-2.

  1. (a)

    Find dydx\dfrac{dy}{dx} in terms of xx and yy, simplifying your answer.

  2. (b)

    The curve meets the line y=−xy=-x at point PP. Find

    1. (i)

      the coordinates of PP

    2. (ii)

      the equation of the tangent at PP.

  3. (c)

    The tangent to the curve at PP cuts the x-axis at RR and the normal to the curve at PP cuts the y-axis at QQ. If OO denotes the origin, use the results above to give a geometrical description of the quadrilateral OQPROQPR.

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Worked solution

3(a)

1. Differentiate both sides of the given equation implicitly with respect to $x$, applying the product rule and chain rule.

ddx(4x3)+ddx(3x2y)=ddx(y3−2)\frac{d}{dx}(4x^3) + \frac{d}{dx}(3x^2y) = \frac{d}{dx}(y^3-2)
12x2+(6xy+3x2dydx)=3y2dydx12x^2 + \left(6xy + 3x^2\frac{dy}{dx}\right) = 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx}

2. Collect all terms containing $\frac{dy}{dx}$ on one side to isolate the derivative.

12x2+6xy=3y2dydx−3x2dydx12x^2 + 6xy = 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx} - 3x^2\frac{dy}{dx}
12x2+6xy=dydx(3y2−3x2)12x^2 + 6xy = \frac{dy}{dx}(3y^2 - 3x^2)

3. Make $\frac{dy}{dx}$ the subject and simplify the expression by extracting and cancelling the common factor.

dydx=12x2+6xy3y2−3x2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{12x^2 + 6xy}{3y^2 - 3x^2}
dydx=3(4x2+2xy)3(y2−x2)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3(4x^2 + 2xy)}{3(y^2 - x^2)}
dydx=4x2+2xyy2−x2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4x^2 + 2xy}{y^2 - x^2}

Answer

4x2+2xyy2−x2\dfrac{4x^2 + 2xy}{y^2 - x^2}

3(b)(i)

1. Substitute the equation of the line into the equation of the curve and solve for $x$.

Substitute y=−xy = -x into 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3+3x^2y=y^3-2:
4x3+3x2(−x)=(−x)3−24x^3 + 3x^2(-x) = (-x)^3 - 2
4x3−3x3=−x3−24x^3 - 3x^3 = -x^3 - 2
x3=−x3−2x^3 = -x^3 - 2
2x3=−22x^3 = -2
x3=−1x^3 = -1
x=−1x = -1

2. Find the corresponding $y$-coordinate to obtain the coordinates of $P$.

Substitute x=−1x = -1 into y=−xy = -x:
y=−(−1)=1y = -(-1) = 1

Therefore, the coordinates of PP are (−1,1)(-1, 1).

Answer

(−1,1)(-1, 1)

3(b)(ii)

1. Find the coordinates of $P$ (from part b(i)).

Substitute y=−xy = -x into the curve equation 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3+3x^2y=y^3-2:
4x3+3x2(−x)=(−x)3−24x^3 + 3x^2(-x) = (-x)^3 - 2
x3=−x3−2  ⟹  2x3=−2  ⟹  x=−1x^3 = -x^3 - 2 \implies 2x^3 = -2 \implies x = -1
Since y=−xy = -x, we have y=1y = 1. Thus, PP is (−1,1)(-1, 1).

2. Find the expression for $\frac{dy}{dx}$ (from part a).

Differentiating the curve equation implicitly with respect to xx:
ddx(4x3+3x2y)=ddx(y3−2)\frac{d}{dx}(4x^3 + 3x^2y) = \frac{d}{dx}(y^3 - 2)
12x2+6xy+3x2dydx=3y2dydx12x^2 + 6xy + 3x^2\frac{dy}{dx} = 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx}
dydx=12x2+6xy3y2−3x2=4x2+2xyy2−x2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{12x^2 + 6xy}{3y^2 - 3x^2} = \frac{4x^2 + 2xy}{y^2 - x^2}

3. Evaluate the gradient of the tangent at point $P$.

Substitute x=−1x = -1 and y=1y = 1 into dydx\frac{dy}{dx}:
dydx=4(−1)2+2(−1)(1)(1)2−(−1)2=4−21−1=20\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4(-1)^2 + 2(-1)(1)}{(1)^2 - (-1)^2} = \frac{4 - 2}{1 - 1} = \frac{2}{0}
The denominator is 00 and the numerator is non-zero, so the gradient is undefined. This indicates that the tangent to the curve is a vertical line.

4. Determine the equation of the tangent at $P$.

A vertical tangent passing through P(−1,1)P(-1, 1) has a constant xx-coordinate.
The equation of the tangent is therefore x=−1x = -1.

Answer

x=−1x = -1

3(c)

1. Find the coordinates of $P$ and the equations of the tangent and normal at $P$ (from part b).

Substitute y=−xy = -x into the curve equation 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3 + 3x^2y = y^3 - 2:
4x3−3x3=−x3−2  ⟹  2x3=−2  ⟹  x=−14x^3 - 3x^3 = -x^3 - 2 \implies 2x^3 = -2 \implies x = -1
Hence y=1y = 1, so PP is (−1,1)(-1, 1).
From (a), dydx=4x2+2xyy2−x2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4x^2+2xy}{y^2-x^2}. At P(−1,1)P(-1,1):
dydx→4(1)−21−1=20 (undefined)\frac{dy}{dx} \to \frac{4(1) - 2}{1 - 1} = \frac{2}{0} \text{ (undefined)}
Thus, the tangent at PP is the vertical line x=−1x = -1, and the normal at PP is the horizontal line y=1y = 1.

2. Determine the coordinates of $Q$ and $R$.

The vertical tangent x=−1x = -1 intersects the x-axis at R(−1,0)R(-1, 0).
The horizontal normal y=1y = 1 intersects the y-axis at Q(0,1)Q(0, 1).

3. Describe the geometrical shape of the quadrilateral $OQPR$.

The vertices of the quadrilateral are O(0,0)O(0,0), Q(0,1)Q(0,1), P(−1,1)P(-1,1), and R(−1,0)R(-1,0).
Since OQOQ lies on the y-axis and OROR lies on the x-axis, ∠ROQ=90∘\angle ROQ = 90^\circ.
The lengths of the sides are:
OQ=1OQ = 1
QP=∣−1−0∣=1QP = |-1 - 0| = 1
PR=∣1−0∣=1PR = |1 - 0| = 1
RO=∣−1−0∣=1RO = |-1 - 0| = 1
Because all four sides are of equal length and the internal angles are 90∘90^\circ, OQPROQPR is a square.

Answer

OQPROQPR is a square.

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