It is given that 2xy dydx=x2−y22xy\,\dfrac{dy}{dx} = x^{2} - y^{2} where x>0x > 0, y<0y < 0. Using the substitution u=yxu = \dfrac{y}{x}, show that the differential equation can be transformed to 2u1−3u2 dudx=1x\dfrac{2u}{1-3u^{2}}\,\dfrac{du}{dx} = \dfrac{1}{x}. Hence find the general solution of yy in terms of xx.

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Worked solution

1

1. Differentiate the substitution $y=ux$ with respect to $x$.

u=yx  ⟹  y=uxu = \frac{y}{x} \implies y = ux
dydx=u+xdudx\frac{dy}{dx} = u + x\frac{du}{dx}

2. Substitute $y$ and $\frac{dy}{dx}$ into the given differential equation and show the transformed equation.

Substitute into 2xydydx=x2−y22xy\frac{dy}{dx} = x^2 - y^2:
2x(ux)(u+xdudx)=x2−(ux)22x(ux)\left(u + x\frac{du}{dx}\right) = x^2 - (ux)^2
2x2u(u+xdudx)=x2(1−u2)2x^2 u\left(u + x\frac{du}{dx}\right) = x^2(1 - u^2)
Since x>0x > 0, we can divide by x2x^2:
2u2+2uxdudx=1−u22u^2 + 2ux\frac{du}{dx} = 1 - u^2
2uxdudx=1−3u22ux\frac{du}{dx} = 1 - 3u^2
2u1−3u2dudx=1x\frac{2u}{1-3u^2}\frac{du}{dx} = \frac{1}{x}

3. Separate the variables $u$ and $x$ and integrate both sides.

∫2u1−3u2 du=∫1x dx\int \frac{2u}{1-3u^2} \,du = \int \frac{1}{x} \,dx
−13∫−6u1−3u2 du=∫1x dx-\frac{1}{3} \int \frac{-6u}{1-3u^2} \,du = \int \frac{1}{x} \,dx
−13ln⁡∣1−3u2∣=ln⁡∣x∣+c-\frac{1}{3}\ln|1-3u^2| = \ln|x| + c
Since x>0x > 0, ln⁡∣x∣=ln⁡x\ln|x| = \ln x:
−13ln⁡∣1−3u2∣=ln⁡x+c-\frac{1}{3}\ln|1-3u^2| = \ln x + c

4. Rearrange the equation to express $u^2$ in terms of $x$.

Multiply by −3-3:
ln⁡∣1−3u2∣=−3ln⁡x+C′\ln|1-3u^2| = -3\ln x + C'
∣1−3u2∣=e−3ln⁡x+C′=eC′x−3|1-3u^2| = e^{-3\ln x + C'} = e^{C'} x^{-3}
1−3u2=Cx3(where C=±eC′)1-3u^2 = \frac{C}{x^3} \quad \text{(where } C = \pm e^{C'})
3u2=1−Cx3=x3−Cx33u^2 = 1 - \frac{C}{x^3} = \frac{x^3 - C}{x^3}

5. Substitute $u = \frac{y}{x}$ back and apply the condition $y < 0$ to find the explicit general solution.

3(yx)2=x3−Cx33\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)^2 = \frac{x^3 - C}{x^3}
3y2=x3−Cx3y^2 = \frac{x^3 - C}{x}
y2=x3−C3xy^2 = \frac{x^3 - C}{3x}
Since it is given that x>0x > 0 and y<0y < 0, we must choose the negative square root:
y=−x3−C3xy = -\sqrt{\frac{x^3 - C}{3x}}

Answer

y=−x3−C3xy = -\sqrt{\frac{x^3 - C}{3x}}, where CC is an arbitrary constant

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