The function f\text{f} is defined by f:x→13(ex−2−1),x>2\text{f} : x \to \frac{1}{3}(e^{x-2}-1), x > 2.

  1. (i)

    Find f−1\text{f}^{-1} and write down its domain.

  2. (ii)

    Explain why the solution of f(x)=f−1(x)\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x) satisfies the equation ex−2=3x+1e^{x-2} = 3x+1 and find the value of this solution.

  3. (iii)

    The function g\text{g} is defined by g:x→1+x2,x∈R\text{g} : x \to 1+x^2, \quad x \in \mathbb{R}.

    Show that gf\text{gf} exists. Hence find the composite function gf\text{gf}, stating its domain and the corresponding range.

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Worked solution

5(i)

1. Set up an equation and make $x$ the subject to find the inverse function.

Let y=f(x)=13(ex−2−1)y = \text{f}(x) = \frac{1}{3}(e^{x-2}-1).
3y=ex−2−13y = e^{x-2}-1
3y+1=ex−23y + 1 = e^{x-2}
Take the natural logarithm on both sides:
ln⁡(3y+1)=x−2\ln(3y+1) = x-2
x=2+ln⁡(3y+1)x = 2 + \ln(3y+1)

2. State the inverse function explicitly in terms of $x$.

f−1(x)=2+ln⁡(3x+1)\text{f}^{-1}(x) = 2 + \ln(3x+1)

3. Determine the domain of the inverse function by finding the range of the original function.

The domain of f−1\text{f}^{-1} is equal to the range of f\text{f}.
Given the domain of f\text{f} is x>2x > 2:
x−2>0x - 2 > 0
ex−2>e0=1e^{x-2} > e^0 = 1
ex−2−1>0e^{x-2} - 1 > 0
13(ex−2−1)>0\frac{1}{3}(e^{x-2} - 1) > 0
Thus, the range of f\text{f} is (0,∞)(0, \infty).
Therefore, the domain of f−1\text{f}^{-1} is x>0x > 0.

Answer

f−1(x)=2+ln⁡(3x+1)\text{f}^{-1}(x) = 2 + \ln(3x+1), Domain: x>0x > 0 (or (0,∞)(0, \infty))

5(ii)

1. State the geometric relationship that simplifies the equation.

Solutions to f(x)=f−1(x)\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x) occur where the graphs of y=f(x)y = \text{f}(x) and y=f−1(x)y = \text{f}^{-1}(x) intersect. Since these graphs are reflections of each other in the line y=xy = x, their intersection points must lie on y=xy = x.
Therefore, f(x)=f−1(x)  ⟹  f(x)=x\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x) \implies \text{f}(x) = x.

2. Substitute the function into the simplified equation to derive the given result.

13(ex−2−1)=x\frac{1}{3}(e^{x-2}-1) = x
ex−2−1=3xe^{x-2}-1 = 3x
ex−2=3x+1 (shown)e^{x-2} = 3x+1 \text{ (shown)}

3. Solve the derived equation using a graphing calculator and select the valid root.

Using a graphing calculator to solve ex−2−3x−1=0e^{x-2} - 3x - 1 = 0:
x≈−0.300 or x≈4.718x \approx -0.300 \text{ or } x \approx 4.718
Since the domain of f\text{f} is x>2x > 2, we reject x≈−0.300x \approx -0.300.
x=4.72 (to 3 s.f.)x = 4.72 \text{ (to 3 s.f.)}

Answer

x=4.72x = 4.72

5(iii)

1. Determine the range of $\text{f}$ and compare it with the domain of $\text{g}$ to show $\text{gf}$ exists.

For x>2x > 2, we have x−2>0  ⟹  ex−2>1x-2 > 0 \implies e^{x-2} > 1.
Thus, f(x)=13(ex−2−1)>0\text{f}(x) = \frac{1}{3}(e^{x-2}-1) > 0.
The range of f\text{f} is Rf=(0,∞)R_{\text{f}} = (0, \infty).
The domain of g\text{g} is Dg=R=(−∞,∞)D_{\text{g}} = \mathbb{R} = (-\infty, \infty).
Since Rf⊆DgR_{\text{f}} \subseteq D_{\text{g}}, the composite function gf\text{gf} exists.

2. Find the expression for the composite function $\text{gf}$.

gf(x)=g(f(x))\text{gf}(x) = \text{g}(\text{f}(x))
=1+[f(x)]2= 1 + [\text{f}(x)]^2
=1+[13(ex−2−1)]2= 1 + \left[ \frac{1}{3}(e^{x-2}-1) \right]^2
=1+19(ex−2−1)2= 1 + \frac{1}{9}(e^{x-2}-1)^2

3. State the domain and corresponding range of $\text{gf}$.

The domain of gf\text{gf} is the same as the domain of f\text{f}, so Dgf=(2,∞)D_{\text{gf}} = (2, \infty) or x>2x > 2.
To find the range of gf\text{gf}, consider the values of g(y)\text{g}(y) for y∈Rf=(0,∞)y \in R_{\text{f}} = (0, \infty).
For y>0y > 0, y2>0  ⟹  1+y2>1y^2 > 0 \implies 1+y^2 > 1.
Thus, the range of gf\text{gf} is (1,∞)(1, \infty) or gf(x)>1\text{gf}(x) > 1.

Answer

gf(x)=1+19(ex−2−1)2\text{gf}(x) = 1 + \frac{1}{9}(e^{x-2}-1)^2
Domain: x>2x > 2
Range: gf(x)>1\text{gf}(x) > 1

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