Two lines, l1l_1 and l2l_2, have equations x−12=−z−1,y=2\frac{x - 1}{2} = -z - 1, y = 2 and x+3=4−y=z+2x + 3 = 4 - y = z + 2 respectively.

  1. (i)

    Determine whether l1l_1 and l2l_2 intersect, and state the coordinates of the intersection point, if any.

  2. (ii)

    Find the acute angle between l1l_1 and l2l_2.

  3. (iii)

    Find an equation for the line l3l_3, where l3l_3 is the reflection of l1l_1 about l2l_2.

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Worked solution

4(i)

1. Express the equations of $l_1$ and $l_2$ in parametric form.

Let l1l_1 be defined by x−12=−(z+1)=λ\frac{x-1}{2} = -(z+1) = \lambda and y=2y=2.
x=1+2λ,y=2,z=−1−λx = 1 + 2\lambda, \quad y = 2, \quad z = -1 - \lambda

Let l2l_2 be defined by x+3=4−y=z+2=μx+3 = 4-y = z+2 = \mu.
x=−3+μ,y=4−μ,z=−2+μx = -3 + \mu, \quad y = 4 - \mu, \quad z = -2 + \mu

2. Set up a system of equations by equating the $x$, $y$, and $z$ coordinates.

For the lines to intersect, they must share a common point for some values of λ\lambda and μ\mu:
1+2λ=−3+μ— (1)1 + 2\lambda = -3 + \mu \quad \text{--- (1)}
2=4−μ— (2)2 = 4 - \mu \quad \text{--- (2)}
−1−λ=−2+μ— (3)-1 - \lambda = -2 + \mu \quad \text{--- (3)}

3. Solve for the parameters and verify consistency across all three equations.

From (2), we find:
μ=2\mu = 2

Substitute μ=2\mu = 2 into (1):
1+2λ=−3+21 + 2\lambda = -3 + 2
2λ=−2  ⟹  λ=−12\lambda = -2 \implies \lambda = -1

Check consistency by substituting λ=−1\lambda = -1 and μ=2\mu = 2 into (3):
LHS=−1−(−1)=0\text{LHS} = -1 - (-1) = 0
RHS=−2+2=0\text{RHS} = -2 + 2 = 0
Since LHS = RHS, the system of equations is consistent, which means l1l_1 and l2l_2 intersect.

4. Calculate the coordinates of the intersection point.

Substitute μ=2\mu = 2 into the parametric equations for l2l_2:
x=−3+2=−1x = -3 + 2 = -1
y=4−2=2y = 4 - 2 = 2
z=−2+2=0z = -2 + 2 = 0

(Alternatively, substituting λ=−1\lambda = -1 into l1l_1 yields the same result).
The intersection point is (−1,2,0)(-1, 2, 0).

Answer

The lines intersect. The coordinates of the intersection point are (−1,2,0)(-1, 2, 0).

4(ii)

1. Extract the direction vectors of lines $l_1$ and $l_2$ from their Cartesian equations.

For l1l_1, the Cartesian equation is x−12=z+1−1,y=2\frac{x - 1}{2} = \frac{z + 1}{-1}, y = 2.
The direction vector is d1=(20−1)\mathbf{d}_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}.

For l2l_2, the equation is x+3=y−4−1=z+2x + 3 = \frac{y - 4}{-1} = z + 2.
The direction vector is d2=(1−11)\mathbf{d}_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}.

2. Use the dot product to find the acute angle between the two lines.

Let θ\theta be the acute angle between l1l_1 and l2l_2.
cos⁡θ=∣d1⋅d2∣∣d1∣∣d2∣\cos \theta = \frac{|\mathbf{d}_1 \cdot \mathbf{d}_2|}{|\mathbf{d}_1||\mathbf{d}_2|}
d1⋅d2=(2)(1)+(0)(−1)+(−1)(1)=1\mathbf{d}_1 \cdot \mathbf{d}_2 = (2)(1) + (0)(-1) + (-1)(1) = 1
∣d1∣=22+02+(−1)2=5|\mathbf{d}_1| = \sqrt{2^2 + 0^2 + (-1)^2} = \sqrt{5}
∣d2∣=12+(−1)2+12=3|\mathbf{d}_2| = \sqrt{1^2 + (-1)^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{3}
cos⁡θ=∣1∣53=115\cos \theta = \frac{|1|}{\sqrt{5}\sqrt{3}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{15}}
θ=cos⁡−1(115)≈75.036∘\theta = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{15}}\right) \approx 75.036^\circ

Answer

75.0∘75.0^\circ

4(iii)

1. Find the point of intersection $A$ of lines $l_1$ and $l_2$.

Express l1l_1 and l2l_2 in vector form:
l1:r=(12−1)+λ(20−1)l_1: \mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} + \lambda \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}
l2:r=(−34−2)+μ(1−11)l_2: \mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} -3 \\ 4 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix} + \mu \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}

Equating coordinates to find the intersection:
1+2λ=−3+μ— (1)1 + 2\lambda = -3 + \mu \quad \text{--- (1)}
2=4−μ  ⟹  μ=2— (2)2 = 4 - \mu \implies \mu = 2 \quad \text{--- (2)}

Substitute μ=2\mu = 2 into (1): 1+2λ=−1  ⟹  λ=−11 + 2\lambda = -1 \implies \lambda = -1.
Substitute λ=−1\lambda = -1 into the equation of l1l_1 to find the intersection point AA:
OA⃗=(12−1)−(20−1)=(−120)\vec{OA} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}
The point of intersection is A(−1,2,0)A(-1, 2, 0).

2. Define a point $B$ on $l_1$ and find the displacement vector $\vec{BF}$ to a generic point $F$ on $l_2$.

Let B(1,2,−1)B(1, 2, -1) be the position on l1l_1 when λ=0\lambda = 0.
Let FF be the foot of the perpendicular from BB to l2l_2. The position vector of FF is:
OF⃗=(−3+μ4−μ−2+μ)\vec{OF} = \begin{pmatrix} -3 + \mu \\ 4 - \mu \\ -2 + \mu \end{pmatrix}

The displacement vector BF⃗\vec{BF} is:
BF⃗=OF⃗−OB⃗=(−3+μ4−μ−2+μ)−(12−1)=(μ−42−μμ−1)\vec{BF} = \vec{OF} - \vec{OB} = \begin{pmatrix} -3 + \mu \\ 4 - \mu \\ -2 + \mu \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \mu - 4 \\ 2 - \mu \\ \mu - 1 \end{pmatrix}

3. Use the scalar product to find the foot of the perpendicular, $F$, from $B$ to $l_2$.

Since BF⃗\vec{BF} is perpendicular to l2l_2, its scalar product with the direction vector of l2l_2 must be zero:
(μ−42−μμ−1)⋅(1−11)=0\begin{pmatrix} \mu - 4 \\ 2 - \mu \\ \mu - 1 \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = 0
(μ−4)−(2−μ)+(μ−1)=0(\mu - 4) - (2 - \mu) + (\mu - 1) = 0
3μ−7=0  ⟹  μ=733\mu - 7 = 0 \implies \mu = \frac{7}{3}

Substitute μ=73\mu = \frac{7}{3} to find OF⃗\vec{OF}:
OF⃗=(−3+7/34−7/3−2+7/3)=(−2/35/31/3)\vec{OF} = \begin{pmatrix} -3 + 7/3 \\ 4 - 7/3 \\ -2 + 7/3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -2/3 \\ 5/3 \\ 1/3 \end{pmatrix}

4. Find the position vector of the reflected point $B'$ using the midpoint.

The point FF is the midpoint of BB and its reflection B′B' across l2l_2:
OF⃗=OB⃗+OB′⃗2  ⟹  OB′⃗=2OF⃗−OB⃗\vec{OF} = \frac{\vec{OB} + \vec{OB'}}{2} \implies \vec{OB'} = 2\vec{OF} - \vec{OB}

OB′⃗=2(−2/35/31/3)−(12−1)=(−4/310/32/3)−(12−1)=(−7/34/35/3)\vec{OB'} = 2 \begin{pmatrix} -2/3 \\ 5/3 \\ 1/3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -4/3 \\ 10/3 \\ 2/3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -7/3 \\ 4/3 \\ 5/3 \end{pmatrix}

5. Determine the direction vector of $l_3$ and form its equation.

The reflected line l3l_3 passes through the common intersection point AA and the reflected point B′B'.
The direction vector of l3l_3 is AB′⃗=OB′⃗−OA⃗\vec{AB'} = \vec{OB'} - \vec{OA}:
AB′⃗=(−7/34/35/3)−(−120)=(−4/3−2/35/3)\vec{AB'} = \begin{pmatrix} -7/3 \\ 4/3 \\ 5/3 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -4/3 \\ -2/3 \\ 5/3 \end{pmatrix}

To avoid fractions, we can multiply the vector by −3-3 to get a parallel direction vector for l3l_3:
d3=(42−5)\mathbf{d}_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}

The vector equation of l3l_3 is r=(−120)+t(42−5)\mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + t \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}, where t∈Rt \in \mathbb{R}.
Converting this to Cartesian form yields:
x+14=y−22=z−5\frac{x + 1}{4} = \frac{y - 2}{2} = \frac{z}{-5}

Answer

x+14=y−22=z−5\frac{x + 1}{4} = \frac{y - 2}{2} = \frac{z}{-5} or r=(−120)+t(42−5)\mathbf{r} = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + t \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}

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