In this question, kk is a positive constant.

  1. (a)

    Using an algebraic method, solve the inequality 2x2−2k2x<x+k\frac{2x^2 - 2k^2}{x} < x + k. Express your answer in terms of kk.

  2. (b)

    Hence, solve exactly the inequality 2x2−10∣x∣<∣x∣+5\frac{2x^2 - 10}{|x|} < |x| + \sqrt{5}.

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Worked solution

1. 将分式不等式移项并通分化简为单个分式

将右边的项移至左边并通分:
2x2−2k2x−(x+k)<0\frac{2x^2 - 2k^2}{x} - (x + k) < 0
2x2−2k2−x(x+k)x<0\frac{2x^2 - 2k^2 - x(x + k)}{x} < 0
2x2−2k2−x2−kxx<0\frac{2x^2 - 2k^2 - x^2 - kx}{x} < 0
x2−kx−2k2x<0\frac{x^2 - kx - 2k^2}{x} < 0
对分子因式分解:
(x+k)(x−2k)x<0\frac{(x + k)(x - 2k)}{x} < 0

2. 确定关键点并求解关于 $x$ 的不等式

表达式的零点与无意义点(关键点)为 x=−kx = -k,x=0x = 0,x=2kx = 2k。
因为 k>0k > 0,所以关键点的大小顺序为:−k<0<2k-k < 0 < 2k。
通过符号检验法(穿针引线法或分区间讨论符号):

  • 当 x>2kx > 2k 时,(+)(+)+>0\frac{(+)(+)}{+} > 0
  • 当 0<x<2k0 < x < 2k 时,(+)(−)+<0\frac{(+)(-)}{+} < 0
  • 当 −k<x<0-k < x < 0 时,(+)(−)−>0\frac{(+)(-)}{-} > 0
  • 当 x<−kx < -k 时,(−)(−)−<0\frac{(-)(-)}{-} < 0

因此,不等式小于 00 的解集为:
x<−k或0<x<2kx < -k \quad \text{或} \quad 0 < x < 2k

3. 对比两不等式结构,利用换元法将第二问转化

观察第二个不等式:
2x2−10∣x∣<∣x∣+5\frac{2x^2 - 10}{|x|} < |x| + \sqrt{5}
注意到 2x2=2∣x∣22x^2 = 2|x|^2,且 10=2(5)210 = 2(\sqrt{5})^2。
令 y=∣x∣y = |x| 且 k=5k = \sqrt{5}(满足 k>0k > 0),原式即化为:
2y2−2k2y<y+k\frac{2y^2 - 2k^2}{y} < y + k
这与第一问的不等式结构完全相同。

4. 代入第一问结果并求解绝对值不等式

根据第一问结论,解为 y<−ky < -k 或 0<y<2k0 < y < 2k。
将 y=∣x∣y = |x| 和 k=5k = \sqrt{5} 代回:

  1. ∣x∣<−5|x| < -\sqrt{5}:因为绝对值非负,此情况无解。
  2. 0<∣x∣<250 < |x| < 2\sqrt{5}:
    • ∣x∣>0  ⟹  x≠0|x| > 0 \implies x \neq 0
    • ∣x∣<25  ⟹  −25<x<25|x| < 2\sqrt{5} \implies -2\sqrt{5} < x < 2\sqrt{5}
      综合可得:
      −25<x<0或0<x<25-2\sqrt{5} < x < 0 \quad \text{或} \quad 0 < x < 2\sqrt{5}
Answer

第一部分:x<−kx < -k 或 0<x<2k0 < x < 2k
第二部分:−25<x<0-2\sqrt{5} < x < 0 或 0<x<250 < x < 2\sqrt{5}(或表示为 −25<x<25-2\sqrt{5} < x < 2\sqrt{5} 且 x≠0x \neq 0)

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