The diagram shows a solid formed from a cone, a cylinder and a hemisphere. The cone has base radius 1.5x1.5x cm and height yy cm. The cylinder has radius 1.5x1.5x cm and height 3x3x cm. The hemisphere has radius 3x3x cm.

  1. (a)

    The volume of the hemisphere is thrice the volume of the cone.

    Show that y=8xy = 8x.

    Answer

  2. (b)

    The total surface area of the solid is 450 cm^2.

    Calculate the total height, h cm, of the solid.

    Answer h = ... cm

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Worked solution

(a)

1. 分别用含有 $x$ 和 $y$ 的代数式表示圆锥和半球的体积

圆锥的底面半径为 1.5x cm1.5x\text{ cm},高为 y cmy\text{ cm},其体积为:
V圆锥=13π(1.5x)2y=13π(2.25x2)y=0.75πx2y cm3V_{\text{圆锥}} = \frac{1}{3} \pi (1.5x)^2 y = \frac{1}{3} \pi (2.25x^2) y = 0.75\pi x^2 y\text{ cm}^3

半球的半径为 3x cm3x\text{ cm},其体积为:
V半球=23π(3x)3=23π(27x3)=18πx3 cm3V_{\text{半球}} = \frac{2}{3} \pi (3x)^3 = \frac{2}{3} \pi (27x^3) = 18\pi x^3\text{ cm}^3

2. 根据“半球体积是圆锥体积的 3 倍”建立方程并求解 $y$

根据题意,V半球=3×V圆锥V_{\text{半球}} = 3 \times V_{\text{圆锥}}:
18πx3=3×(0.75πx2y)18\pi x^3 = 3 \times (0.75\pi x^2 y)
18πx3=2.25πx2y18\pi x^3 = 2.25\pi x^2 y

两边同时除以 πx2\pi x^2(因为 x>0x > 0):
18x=2.25y18x = 2.25y
y=18x2.25=8xy = \frac{18x}{2.25} = 8x

得证 y=8xy = 8x。

Answer

已证 y=8xy = 8x

(b)

1. 计算圆锥的母线长及侧面积(用 $x$ 表示)

代入 y=8xy = 8x,圆锥的高为 8x cm8x\text{ cm},底面半径为 1.5x cm1.5x\text{ cm}。
圆锥的母线长 ll 为:
l=(1.5x)2+(8x)2=2.25x2+64x2=66.25x cml = \sqrt{(1.5x)^2 + (8x)^2} = \sqrt{2.25x^2 + 64x^2} = \sqrt{66.25}x\text{ cm}

圆锥侧面积为:
A圆锥侧=πrl=π(1.5x)(66.25x)=1.566.25πx2≈12.2091πx2 cm2A_{\text{圆锥侧}} = \pi r l = \pi (1.5x) (\sqrt{66.25}x) = 1.5\sqrt{66.25}\pi x^2 \approx 12.2091\pi x^2\text{ cm}^2

2. 计算圆柱侧面积、半球顶部露出环形面积和半球侧面积

  1. 圆柱侧面积:
    A圆柱侧=2πrh柱=2π(1.5x)(3x)=9πx2 cm2A_{\text{圆柱侧}} = 2\pi r h_{\text{柱}} = 2\pi (1.5x) (3x) = 9\pi x^2\text{ cm}^2

  2. 半球顶部露出的平面环形面积:
    A环形=π(3x)2−π(1.5x)2=9πx2−2.25πx2=6.75πx2 cm2A_{\text{环形}} = \pi (3x)^2 - \pi (1.5x)^2 = 9\pi x^2 - 2.25\pi x^2 = 6.75\pi x^2\text{ cm}^2

  3. 半球曲面面积:
    A半球侧=2π(3x)2=18πx2 cm2A_{\text{半球侧}} = 2\pi (3x)^2 = 18\pi x^2\text{ cm}^2

3. 汇总总表面积表达式,结合已知总表面积 $450\text{ cm}^2$ 解出 $x$

组合体总表面积 A总A_{\text{总}} 为各暴露部分的面积之和:
A总=A圆锥侧+A圆柱侧+A环形+A半球侧A_{\text{总}} = A_{\text{圆锥侧}} + A_{\text{圆柱侧}} + A_{\text{环形}} + A_{\text{半球侧}}
A总=(1.566.25+9+6.75+18)πx2=(1.566.25+33.75)πx2≈45.9591πx2A_{\text{总}} = (1.5\sqrt{66.25} + 9 + 6.75 + 18)\pi x^2 = (1.5\sqrt{66.25} + 33.75)\pi x^2 \approx 45.9591\pi x^2

已知总表面积为 450 cm2450\text{ cm}^2:
45.9591πx2=45045.9591\pi x^2 = 450
144.3853x2=450144.3853 x^2 = 450
x2=450144.3853≈3.11666x^2 = \frac{450}{144.3853} \approx 3.11666
x=3.11666≈1.7654 cmx = \sqrt{3.11666} \approx 1.7654\text{ cm}

4. 计算组合体的总高度 $h$

组合体的总高度 hh 为圆锥的高、圆柱的高以及半球半径之和:
h=y+3x+3x=8x+3x+3x=14xh = y + 3x + 3x = 8x + 3x + 3x = 14x

将 x≈1.7654 cmx \approx 1.7654\text{ cm} 代入:
h=14×1.7654≈24.7157 cmh = 14 \times 1.7654 \approx 24.7157\text{ cm}

保留三位有效数字得:
h=24.7 cmh = 24.7\text{ cm}

Answer

h=24.7 cmh = 24.7\text{ cm}

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