The curve C is given by the equation y2x2=3a−xa+x,x≠0,\dfrac{y^2}{x^2}=\dfrac{3a-x}{a+x},\quad x \ne 0, where aa is a positive constant.

  1. (a)

    Use an algebraic method to determine the range of values for which xx can take, leaving your answer in term of aa.

  2. (b)

    For the rest of this question, take a=1a = 1.

    Find the coordinates of the point(s) at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.

  3. (c)

    The normals to C at the points where x=1x = 1 intersect each other at the point NN. Find the coordinates of NN.

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Worked solution

5(a)

1. Establish an inequality based on the non-negativity of a real square.

For real values of xx and yy, the square term y2x2\dfrac{y^2}{x^2} must be non-negative.
Therefore,
3a−xa+x≥0\dfrac{3a-x}{a+x} \ge 0

2. Solve the rational inequality algebraically.

Multiply both sides by (a+x)2(a+x)^2, noting that x≠−ax \ne -a to avoid division by zero:
(3a−x)(a+x)≥0(3a-x)(a+x) \ge 0
The critical values are x=−ax = -a and x=3ax = 3a. Since the coefficient of x2x^2 is negative, the quadratic expression is non-negative between the roots:
−a≤x≤3a-a \le x \le 3a
Since x≠−ax \ne -a (as it makes the original denominator zero), the inequality becomes:
−a<x≤3a-a < x \le 3a

3. Incorporate the given domain restriction to state the final range.

The question explicitly states x≠0x \ne 0.
Combining this restriction with the solved inequality, the range of values xx can take is:
−a<x<0or0<x≤3a-a < x < 0 \quad \text{or} \quad 0 < x \le 3a

Answer

−a<x<0 or 0<x≤3a-a < x < 0 \text{ or } 0 < x \le 3a

5(b)

1. Differentiate the curve equation implicitly with respect to $x$.

For a=1a=1, the equation is y2x2=3−x1+x\dfrac{y^2}{x^2} = \dfrac{3-x}{1+x}, which can be rewritten as:
y2(1+x)=3x2−x3y^2(1+x) = 3x^2 - x^3
Differentiating implicitly with respect to xx:
2ydydx(1+x)+y2(1)=6x−3x22y \frac{dy}{dx} (1+x) + y^2(1) = 6x - 3x^2

2. Set $\frac{dy}{dx} = 0$ and solve for valid $x$-coordinates.

For the tangent to be parallel to the xx-axis, dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0.
Substituting this into the derivative equation gives:
0+y2=6x−3x20 + y^2 = 6x - 3x^2
Substitute y2=6x−3x2y^2 = 6x - 3x^2 back into the rewritten curve equation y2(1+x)=3x2−x3y^2(1+x) = 3x^2 - x^3:
(6x−3x2)(1+x)=3x2−x3(6x - 3x^2)(1+x) = 3x^2 - x^3
6x+6x2−3x2−3x3=3x2−x36x + 6x^2 - 3x^2 - 3x^3 = 3x^2 - x^3
6x+3x2−3x3=3x2−x36x + 3x^2 - 3x^3 = 3x^2 - x^3
6x−2x3=06x - 2x^3 = 0
2x(3−x2)=02x(3 - x^2) = 0
This gives x=0x = 0, x=3x = \sqrt{3}, or x=−3x = -\sqrt{3}.

From part (a), the valid domain of the curve for a=1a=1 is −1<x≤3-1 < x \le 3 and x≠0x \neq 0. Therefore, we reject x=0x = 0 and x=−3x = -\sqrt{3}, leaving x=3x = \sqrt{3} as the only valid solution.

3. Find the corresponding $y$-coordinates for $x = \sqrt{3}$.

Substitute x=3x = \sqrt{3} into our derived equation y2=6x−3x2y^2 = 6x - 3x^2:
y2=6(3)−3(3)2y^2 = 6(\sqrt{3}) - 3(\sqrt{3})^2
y2=63−9y^2 = 6\sqrt{3} - 9
y=±63−9y = \pm\sqrt{6\sqrt{3} - 9}
The required coordinates are (3,63−9)(\sqrt{3}, \sqrt{6\sqrt{3}-9}) and (3,−63−9)(\sqrt{3}, -\sqrt{6\sqrt{3}-9}).

Answer

(3,63−9)(\sqrt{3}, \sqrt{6\sqrt{3}-9}) and (3,−63−9)(\sqrt{3}, -\sqrt{6\sqrt{3}-9})

5(c)

1. Find the $y$-coordinates on the curve when $x = 1$.

Substitute x=1x = 1 and a=1a = 1 into the curve equation:
y212=3(1)−11+1\frac{y^2}{1^2} = \frac{3(1) - 1}{1 + 1}
y2=22=1y^2 = \frac{2}{2} = 1
y=1 or y=−1y = 1 \text{ or } y = -1
So the points are (1,1)(1, 1) and (1,−1)(1, -1).

2. Differentiate the equation implicitly with respect to $x$.

Using the quotient rule on both sides of y2x2=3−x1+x\frac{y^2}{x^2} = \frac{3-x}{1+x}:
2x2ydydx−2xy2x4=(−1)(1+x)−(3−x)(1)(1+x)2\frac{2x^2 y \frac{dy}{dx} - 2xy^2}{x^4} = \frac{(-1)(1+x) - (3-x)(1)}{(1+x)^2}
2xydydx−2y2x3=−4(1+x)2\frac{2xy \frac{dy}{dx} - 2y^2}{x^3} = \frac{-4}{(1+x)^2}

3. Evaluate the gradients of the normals at $(1, 1)$ and $(1, -1)$.

At (1,1)(1, 1):
2(1)(1)dydx−2(1)213=−4(1+1)2\frac{2(1)(1) \frac{dy}{dx} - 2(1)^2}{1^3} = \frac{-4}{(1+1)^2}
2dydx−2=−1  ⟹  dydx=122 \frac{dy}{dx} - 2 = -1 \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}
The gradient of the normal is m1=−11/2=−2m_1 = -\frac{1}{1/2} = -2.

At (1,−1)(1, -1):
2(1)(−1)dydx−2(−1)213=−4(1+1)2\frac{2(1)(-1) \frac{dy}{dx} - 2(-1)^2}{1^3} = \frac{-4}{(1+1)^2}
−2dydx−2=−1  ⟹  dydx=−12-2 \frac{dy}{dx} - 2 = -1 \implies \frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{1}{2}
The gradient of the normal is m2=−1−1/2=2m_2 = -\frac{1}{-1/2} = 2.

4. Form the equations of the normals and find their point of intersection.

Equation of normal at (1,1)(1, 1):
y−1=−2(x−1)  ⟹  y=−2x+3y - 1 = -2(x - 1) \implies y = -2x + 3

Equation of normal at (1,−1)(1, -1):
y−(−1)=2(x−1)  ⟹  y=2x−3y - (-1) = 2(x - 1) \implies y = 2x - 3

Equating the two normals to find intersection NN:
−2x+3=2x−3-2x + 3 = 2x - 3
4x=6  ⟹  x=324x = 6 \implies x = \frac{3}{2}
Substitute x=32x = \frac{3}{2} into y=2x−3y = 2x - 3:
y=2(32)−3=0y = 2\left(\frac{3}{2}\right) - 3 = 0

Therefore, the coordinates of NN are (32,0)\left(\frac{3}{2}, 0\right).

Answer

N(32,0)N\left(\frac{3}{2}, 0\right)

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