Section B: Probability and Statistics [40 marks]

A group of hikers is to be chosen to represent three hiking teams in an annual hiking challenge. The group is to consist of 7 hikers and is chosen at random from a set of 10 hikers consisting of 2 hikers from team AA, 3 hikers from team BB and 5 hikers from team CC. Find the number of ways in which the group can be chosen if
  1. (i)

    there are no restrictions,

  2. (ii)

    there are at least 4 hikers from team CC,

  3. (iii)

    there is at least 1 hiker from each team.

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Worked solution

8(i)

1. Calculate the total number of ways to choose 7 hikers from 10 hikers without restrictions

10C7=120^{10}C_7 = 120

Answer

120120

8(ii)

1. Identify the possible cases for having at least 4 hikers from team $C$ and set up the expression for the total number of combinations.

Since there are 5 hikers in team CC and 7 hikers needed in total, there are two cases:
Case 1: Exactly 4 from CC, and 7−4=37 - 4 = 3 from the rest (teams AA and BB, which have 2+3=52+3=5 hikers in total).
Number of ways =5C4×5C3= {}^{5}C_{4} \times {}^{5}C_{3}

Case 2: Exactly 5 from CC, and 7−5=27 - 5 = 2 from the rest.
Number of ways =5C5×5C2= {}^{5}C_{5} \times {}^{5}C_{2}

Total number of ways =5C4×5C3+5C5×5C2= {}^{5}C_{4} \times {}^{5}C_{3} + {}^{5}C_{5} \times {}^{5}C_{2}

2. Evaluate the combinations to find the total number of ways.

=(5×10)+(1×10)= (5 \times 10) + (1 \times 10)
=50+10= 50 + 10
=60= 60

Answer

6060

8(iii)

1. State the unrestricted total and formulate the complement method

Total unrestricted ways to choose 7 hikers from 10 is (107)=120\binom{10}{7} = 120.
To ensure at least one hiker from each team is chosen, we subtract the cases where team A, team B, or team C is completely missing from the total.

2. Calculate the combinations where at least one team is missing

If team A is missing, the 7 hikers must be chosen from the remaining 3+5=83 + 5 = 8 hikers (teams B and C):
Ways missing team A=(87)=8\text{Ways missing team A} = \binom{8}{7} = 8

If team B is missing, the 7 hikers must be chosen from the remaining 2+5=72 + 5 = 7 hikers (teams A and C):
Ways missing team B=(77)=1\text{Ways missing team B} = \binom{7}{7} = 1

If team C is missing, the 7 hikers would need to be chosen from teams A and B, which only have 2+3=52 + 3 = 5 hikers. This is impossible ((57)=0\binom{5}{7} = 0).

(Note: Missing two teams simultaneously is also impossible as the largest single team only has 5 hikers.)

3. Subtract the invalid cases from the total to find the final answer

Valid ways=120−8−1=111\text{Valid ways} = 120 - 8 - 1 = 111

Answer

111

AI analysis — may contain mistakes.

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