Find the general solution of the differential equation cosec x d2ydx2=x\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = x .

  1. (a)

    Find the general solution of the differential equation

    cosec x d2ydx2=x\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = x.

  2. (b)

    Find the equation of the solution curve whose tangent at the origin is parallel to the line y=3x−5y = 3x - 5.

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Worked solution

2(a)

1. Rearrange the differential equation to express the second derivative explicitly.

d2ydx2=xcosec x=xsin⁡x\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{x}{\text{cosec } x} = x \sin x

2. Integrate once with respect to $x$ using integration by parts to find $\frac{dy}{dx}$.

dydx=∫xsin⁡x dx\frac{dy}{dx} = \int x \sin x \, dx
Using integration by parts, let u=xu = x and dvdx=sin⁡x\frac{dv}{dx} = \sin x.
Then dudx=1\frac{du}{dx} = 1 and v=−cos⁡xv = -\cos x.
dydx=−xcos⁡x−∫(−cos⁡x) dx\frac{dy}{dx} = -x \cos x - \int (-\cos x) \, dx
dydx=−xcos⁡x+sin⁡x+A\frac{dy}{dx} = -x \cos x + \sin x + A

3. Integrate a second time using integration by parts to find the general solution for $y$.

y=∫(−xcos⁡x+sin⁡x+A) dxy = \int (-x \cos x + \sin x + A) \, dx
Evaluate ∫xcos⁡x dx\int x \cos x \, dx using integration by parts:
Let u=xu = x and dvdx=cos⁡x\frac{dv}{dx} = \cos x, giving dudx=1\frac{du}{dx} = 1 and v=sin⁡xv = \sin x.
∫xcos⁡x dx=xsin⁡x−∫sin⁡x dx=xsin⁡x+cos⁡x\int x \cos x \, dx = x \sin x - \int \sin x \, dx = x \sin x + \cos x
Substitute this back into the integral for yy:
y=−(xsin⁡x+cos⁡x)+(−cos⁡x)+Ax+By = -(x \sin x + \cos x) + (-\cos x) + Ax + B
y=−xsin⁡x−2cos⁡x+Ax+By = -x \sin x - 2\cos x + Ax + B

Answer

y=−xsin⁡x−2cos⁡x+Ax+By = -x \sin x - 2\cos x + Ax + B

2(b)

1. Find the first derivative by integrating the rearranged differential equation using integration by parts.

Rearranging the differential equation from part (a):
d2ydx2=xsin⁡x\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} = x \sin x
Integrating with respect to xx using integration by parts:
dydx=∫xsin⁡x dx\frac{dy}{dx} = \int x \sin x \, dx
Let u=xu = x and dv=sin⁡x dxdv = \sin x \, dx, then du=dxdu = dx and v=−cos⁡xv = -\cos x.
dydx=−xcos⁡x−∫(−cos⁡x) dx\frac{dy}{dx} = -x \cos x - \int (-\cos x) \, dx
dydx=−xcos⁡x+sin⁡x+C\frac{dy}{dx} = -x \cos x + \sin x + C

2. Integrate the first derivative to find the general equation for $y$.

Integrating again to find yy:
y=∫(−xcos⁡x+sin⁡x+C) dxy = \int (-x \cos x + \sin x + C) \, dx
For ∫xcos⁡x dx\int x \cos x \, dx, use integration by parts again (u=x,dv=cos⁡x dx  ⟹  du=dx,v=sin⁡xu = x, dv = \cos x \, dx \implies du = dx, v = \sin x):
∫xcos⁡x dx=xsin⁡x−∫sin⁡x dx=xsin⁡x+cos⁡x\int x \cos x \, dx = x \sin x - \int \sin x \, dx = x \sin x + \cos x
Therefore:
y=−(xsin⁡x+cos⁡x)+∫sin⁡x dx+∫C dxy = - (x \sin x + \cos x) + \int \sin x \, dx + \int C \, dx
y=−xsin⁡x−cos⁡x−cos⁡x+Cx+Dy = -x \sin x - \cos x - \cos x + Cx + D
y=−xsin⁡x−2cos⁡x+Cx+Dy = -x \sin x - 2\cos x + Cx + D

3. Apply the geometric condition for the tangent to find the integration constant $C$.

The tangent at the origin (0,0)(0, 0) is parallel to the line y=3x−5y = 3x - 5, meaning the gradient at x=0x = 0 is 33.
Substitute x=0x = 0 and dydx=3\frac{dy}{dx} = 3 into the first derivative equation:
3=−0cos⁡0+sin⁡0+C3 = -0 \cos 0 + \sin 0 + C
C=3C = 3

4. Substitute the coordinates of the origin to find the constant $D$ and state the final equation.

Since the curve passes through the origin (0,0)(0,0), substitute x=0x = 0, y=0y = 0, and C=3C = 3 into the general equation:
0=−0sin⁡0−2cos⁡0+3(0)+D0 = -0 \sin 0 - 2\cos 0 + 3(0) + D
0=−2(1)+D  ⟹  D=20 = -2(1) + D \implies D = 2
The equation of the solution curve is:
y=−xsin⁡x−2cos⁡x+3x+2y = -x \sin x - 2\cos x + 3x + 2

Answer

y=−xsin⁡x−2cos⁡x+3x+2y = -x \sin x - 2\cos x + 3x + 2

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