The functions f\text{f} and g\text{g} are defined by
f:x↦ax−6x−3for x∈R, x≠3,\text{f} : x \mapsto \frac{ax - 6}{x - 3} \quad \text{for } x \in \mathbb{R}, \ x \ne 3,
g:x↦e−xfor x∈R, x≥ln⁡3.\text{g} : x \mapsto \text{e}^{-x} \quad \text{for } x \in \mathbb{R}, \ x \ge \ln 3.
The function f\text{f} is such that f(x)=f−1(x)\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x) for all xx in the domain of f\text{f}.

  1. (a)

    Find the value of aa.

  2. (b)

    State the exact value of f6(π)\text{f}^6(\pi).

  3. (c)

    Find the exact range of fg\text{fg}.

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Worked solution

3(a)

1. Set up an equation to find the inverse function $\text{f}^{-1}(x)$.

Let y=ax−6x−3y = \frac{ax - 6}{x - 3}.

2. Rearrange the equation to make $x$ the subject.

y(x−3)=ax−6y(x - 3) = ax - 6
xy−3y=ax−6xy - 3y = ax - 6
xy−ax=3y−6xy - ax = 3y - 6
x(y−a)=3y−6x(y - a) = 3y - 6
x=3y−6y−ax = \frac{3y - 6}{y - a}

Therefore, f−1(x)=3x−6x−a\text{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{3x - 6}{x - a}.

3. Use the given condition $\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x)$ to find $a$.

Given f(x)=f−1(x)\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x) for all xx in the domain:
ax−6x−3=3x−6x−a\frac{ax - 6}{x - 3} = \frac{3x - 6}{x - a}

Comparing the numerators and denominators of both sides, we can deduce that:
a=3a = 3

Answer

a=3a = 3

3(b)

1. Deduce the value of $\text{f}^6(\pi)$ using the given self-inverse property.

Given f(x)=f−1(x)\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x), applying f\text{f} to both sides yields:
f2(x)=f(f−1(x))=x\text{f}^2(x) = \text{f}(\text{f}^{-1}(x)) = x
It follows that any even number of compositions of f\text{f} will return xx:
f6(x)=x\text{f}^6(x) = x
Substituting x=πx = \pi:
f6(π)=π\text{f}^6(\pi) = \pi

Answer

π\pi

3(c)

1. Determine the function $\text{f}(x)$ using the context from part (a)

From part (a), let y=ax−6x−3y = \frac{ax - 6}{x - 3}. Rearranging for xx:
xy−3y=ax−6xy - 3y = ax - 6
x(y−a)=3y−6  ⟹  x=3y−6y−ax(y - a) = 3y - 6 \implies x = \frac{3y - 6}{y - a}
So f−1(x)=3x−6x−a\text{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{3x - 6}{x - a}.
Since f(x)=f−1(x)\text{f}(x) = \text{f}^{-1}(x) for all xx in the domain, we match coefficients to get a=3a = 3.
Thus, f(x)=3x−6x−3\text{f}(x) = \frac{3x - 6}{x - 3}.

2. Find the exact range of the inner function $\text{g}(x)$

The domain of g\text{g} is x≥ln⁡3x \ge \ln 3.
Since g(x)=e−x\text{g}(x) = \text{e}^{-x} is a strictly decreasing function and e−x>0\text{e}^{-x} > 0 for all real xx:
0<e−x≤e−ln⁡30 < \text{e}^{-x} \le \text{e}^{-\ln 3}
0<g(x)≤130 < \text{g}(x) \le \frac{1}{3}
So the exact range of g\text{g} is (0,13]\left(0, \frac{1}{3}\right].

3. Evaluate $\text{f}$ over the range of $\text{g}$ to find the exact range of $\text{fg}$

The range of g\text{g} becomes the domain for f\text{f}. We evaluate f(x)\text{f}(x) at the boundaries of (0,13]\left(0, \frac{1}{3}\right]:
As x→0+x \to 0^+, f(x)→3(0)−60−3=2\text{f}(x) \to \frac{3(0) - 6}{0 - 3} = 2.
At x=13x = \frac{1}{3}, f(13)=3(13)−613−3=1−6−83=158\text{f}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right) = \frac{3(\frac{1}{3}) - 6}{\frac{1}{3} - 3} = \frac{1 - 6}{-\frac{8}{3}} = \frac{15}{8}.
To confirm f(x)\text{f}(x) is monotonic on this interval, we can rewrite it:
f(x)=3(x−3)+3x−3=3+3x−3\text{f}(x) = \frac{3(x - 3) + 3}{x - 3} = 3 + \frac{3}{x - 3}
For x∈(0,13]x \in \left(0, \frac{1}{3}\right], x−3x - 3 is negative and increasing (towards 00), so 3x−3\frac{3}{x - 3} is decreasing. Thus, f(x)\text{f}(x) is strictly decreasing on this interval.
The supremum approaches 22 (exclusive) and the minimum value is 158\frac{15}{8} (inclusive).
Therefore, the exact range of fg\text{fg} is [158,2)\left[ \frac{15}{8}, 2 \right).

Answer

[158,2)\left[ \frac{15}{8}, 2 \right)

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