A curve CC has parametric equations x=3t3, y=31+t2,t∈R.x = 3t^3,\ y = \frac{3}{1+t^2},\quad t \in \mathbb{R}.

  1. (a)

    Find dydx\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} in terms of tt. Explain why CC has no stationary points.

  2. (b)

    Sketch CC, indicating clearly the equation of the asymptote if any.

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Worked solution

4(a)

1. Find the derivatives of $x$ and $y$ with respect to $t$.

dxdt=9t2\frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}t} = 9t^2

dydt=−3(1+t2)−2(2t)=−6t(1+t2)2\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}t} = -3(1+t^2)^{-2}(2t) = -\frac{6t}{(1+t^2)^2}

2. Find $\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}$ using the parametric chain rule.

dydx=dydtdxdt=−6t(1+t2)29t2\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}t}}{\frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}t}} = \frac{-\frac{6t}{(1+t^2)^2}}{9t^2}

dydx=−23t(1+t2)2\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = -\frac{2}{3t(1+t^2)^2}

3. Explain why the curve has no stationary points based on $\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}$.

For CC to have a stationary point, we require dydx=0\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = 0.

Since the numerator of dydx\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} is a non-zero constant (−2-2), the fraction can never be equal to zero.

Furthermore, at t=0t=0, dydx\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} is undefined (indicating a vertical tangent, not a stationary point).

Therefore, dydx≠0\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \neq 0 for all valid tt, which means CC has no stationary points.

Answer

dydx=−23t(1+t2)2\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = -\frac{2}{3t(1+t^2)^2}
Since dydx≠0\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \neq 0 for all t≠0t \neq 0 and is undefined at t=0t=0, CC has no stationary points.

4(b)

1. Determine the intercepts of the curve.

Substitute t=0t = 0 to find the yy-intercept:
x=3(0)3=0x = 3(0)^3 = 0
y=31+02=3y = \frac{3}{1+0^2} = 3
The curve intersects the yy-axis at (0,3)(0, 3).

2. Find the equation of the asymptote by considering the behaviour as $t \to \pm\infty$.

As t→∞t \to \infty, x→∞x \to \infty and y→0y \to 0.
As t→−∞t \to -\infty, x→−∞x \to -\infty and y→0y \to 0.
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is the xx-axis, given by the equation y=0y = 0.

3. Sketch the curve, noting the cusp at the $y$-intercept.

Using a graphing calculator or by analyzing the derivative from part (a) (dydx→±∞\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \to \pm\infty as t→0t \to 0), we observe a cusp at the intercept (0,3)(0, 3).
Sketch a bell-like curve that is symmetric about the yy-axis, featuring a sharp cusp pointing downwards at (0,3)(0, 3) and flattening out along the xx-axis (y=0y = 0) in both the positive and negative directions. Label the intercept (0,3)(0,3) and the asymptote y=0y=0.

Answer

Asymptote: y=0y = 0

(A sketch is required showing a curve symmetric about the yy-axis, with a sharp cusp at (0,3)(0, 3), approaching the xx-axis (y=0y = 0) as x→±∞x \to \pm\infty.)

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