A curve C has equation x3+y3−5xy=0x^{3} + y^{3} - 5xy = 0 where x>0x>0.

  1. (a)

    Find dydx\dfrac{dy}{dx} in terms of xx and yy.

  2. (b)

    Find the coordinates of the point on CC at which the normal is parallel to the yy-axis.

  3. (c)

    Determine the nature of the stationary point.

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Worked solution

3(a)

1. Differentiate the given equation implicitly with respect to $x$.

ddx(x3+y3−5xy)=0\frac{d}{dx}(x^3 + y^3 - 5xy) = 0
3x2+3y2dydx−(5y+5xdydx)=03x^2 + 3y^2 \frac{dy}{dx} - \left( 5y + 5x \frac{dy}{dx} \right) = 0

2. Group the $\frac{dy}{dx}$ terms and make it the subject.

3y2dydx−5xdydx=5y−3x23y^2 \frac{dy}{dx} - 5x \frac{dy}{dx} = 5y - 3x^2
dydx(3y2−5x)=5y−3x2\frac{dy}{dx}(3y^2 - 5x) = 5y - 3x^2
dydx=5y−3x23y2−5x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{5y - 3x^2}{3y^2 - 5x}

Answer

dydx=5y−3x23y2−5x\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{5y - 3x^2}{3y^2 - 5x}

3(b)

1. Establish the relationship between $x$ and $y$ using the condition for the normal.

From part (a), we have the derivative dydx=5y−3x23y2−5x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{5y - 3x^2}{3y^2 - 5x}.

If the normal is parallel to the yy-axis (a vertical line), the tangent to the curve at that point must be perpendicular to it, meaning the tangent is parallel to the xx-axis (a horizontal line).
Therefore, the gradient of the tangent is zero:
dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0
5y−3x23y2−5x=0\frac{5y - 3x^2}{3y^2 - 5x} = 0
5y−3x2=05y - 3x^2 = 0
y=35x2y = \frac{3}{5}x^2

2. Substitute the relationship into the curve's equation to solve for $x$.

Substitute y=35x2y = \frac{3}{5}x^2 into the equation of the curve x3+y3−5xy=0x^3 + y^3 - 5xy = 0:
x3+(35x2)3−5x(35x2)=0x^3 + \left(\frac{3}{5}x^2\right)^3 - 5x\left(\frac{3}{5}x^2\right) = 0
x3+27125x6−3x3=0x^3 + \frac{27}{125}x^6 - 3x^3 = 0
27125x6−2x3=0\frac{27}{125}x^6 - 2x^3 = 0
x3(27125x3−2)=0x^3 \left( \frac{27}{125}x^3 - 2 \right) = 0
Since it is given that x>0x > 0, we know x≠0x \neq 0, allowing us to divide by x3x^3:
27125x3=2\frac{27}{125}x^3 = 2
x3=25027x^3 = \frac{250}{27}
x=250273=125×233=5233x = \sqrt[3]{\frac{250}{27}} = \frac{\sqrt[3]{125 \times 2}}{3} = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}

3. Calculate the corresponding $y$-coordinate and state the final point.

Substitute x=5233x = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3} back into y=35x2y = \frac{3}{5}x^2:
y=35(5233)2y = \frac{3}{5} \left( \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3} \right)^2
y=35(25×22/39)y = \frac{3}{5} \left( \frac{25 \times 2^{2/3}}{9} \right)
y=5×22/33=5433y = \frac{5 \times 2^{2/3}}{3} = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{4}}{3}

The coordinates of the point are (5233,5433)\left( \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}, \frac{5\sqrt[3]{4}}{3} \right).

Answer

(5233,5433)\left( \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}, \frac{5\sqrt[3]{4}}{3} \right)

3(c)

1. Concisely retrieve the coordinates of the stationary point (required from part (b) to complete this target).

At the stationary point (where the normal is parallel to the yy-axis), the tangent is horizontal, so dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0.
From part (a), dydx=5y−3x23y2−5x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{5y - 3x^2}{3y^2 - 5x}. Setting this to 00 gives 5y=3x2  ⟹  y=35x25y = 3x^2 \implies y = \frac{3}{5}x^2.
Substituting y=35x2y = \frac{3}{5}x^2 into x3+y3−5xy=0x^3 + y^3 - 5xy = 0:
x3+(35x2)3−5x(35x2)=0  ⟹  x3+27125x6−3x3=0x^3 + \left(\frac{3}{5}x^2\right)^3 - 5x\left(\frac{3}{5}x^2\right) = 0 \implies x^3 + \frac{27}{125}x^6 - 3x^3 = 0
x3(27125x3−2)=0x^3\left(\frac{27}{125}x^3 - 2\right) = 0
Since x>0x > 0, x3=25027  ⟹  x=5233x^3 = \frac{250}{27} \implies x = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}.
Consequently, y=35(5233)2=5433y = \frac{3}{5}\left(\frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}\right)^2 = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{4}}{3}.

2. Find an expression for the second derivative $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ at the stationary point.

Using the quotient rule on dydx=5y−3x23y2−5x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{5y - 3x^2}{3y^2 - 5x}:
d2ydx2=(3y2−5x)(5dydx−6x)−(5y−3x2)(6ydydx−5)(3y2−5x)2\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{(3y^2 - 5x)\left(5\frac{dy}{dx} - 6x\right) - (5y - 3x^2)\left(6y\frac{dy}{dx} - 5\right)}{(3y^2 - 5x)^2}
At the stationary point, we know dydx=0\frac{dy}{dx} = 0 and the numerator of the first derivative is 5y−3x2=05y - 3x^2 = 0. Substituting these directly:
d2ydx2=(3y2−5x)(−6x)−0(3y2−5x)2=−6x3y2−5x\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{(3y^2 - 5x)(-6x) - 0}{(3y^2 - 5x)^2} = -\frac{6x}{3y^2 - 5x}

3. Evaluate the second derivative to determine the nature of the stationary point.

Substitute x=5233x = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3} and y=5433y = \frac{5\sqrt[3]{4}}{3} into the second derivative expression:
3y2−5x=3(5433)2−5(5233)=3(25⋅2239)−25233=50233−25233=252333y^2 - 5x = 3\left(\frac{5\sqrt[3]{4}}{3}\right)^2 - 5\left(\frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}\right) = 3\left(\frac{25 \cdot 2\sqrt[3]{2}}{9}\right) - \frac{25\sqrt[3]{2}}{3} = \frac{50\sqrt[3]{2}}{3} - \frac{25\sqrt[3]{2}}{3} = \frac{25\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}
d2ydx2=−6(5233)25233=−102325233=−3025=−1.2\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{-6\left(\frac{5\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}\right)}{\frac{25\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}} = \frac{-10\sqrt[3]{2}}{\frac{25\sqrt[3]{2}}{3}} = -\frac{30}{25} = -1.2
Since d2ydx2<0\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} < 0, the stationary point is a maximum.

Answer

Maximum

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