The function f\mathrm{f} is defined by f:x↦x−1x\mathrm{f} : x \mapsto \frac{x-1}{x}, x∈Rx \in \mathbb{R}, x≠0x \ne 0 and x≠1x \ne 1.

  1. (i)

    Define f−1\mathrm{f}^{-1}.

  2. (ii)

    Show that the composite function f2\mathrm{f}^2 exists and that f2(x)=f−1(x)\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \mathrm{f}^{-1}(x).

  3. (iii)

    State f3(x)\mathrm{f}^3(x).

  4. (iv)

    Given that f2014g(x)=1−e−x\mathrm{f}^{2014}\mathrm{g}(x) = 1 - \mathrm{e}^{-x} for x>0x > 0, find g(x)\mathrm{g}(x).

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Worked solution

4(i)

1. Find the algebraic rule for the inverse function by making $x$ the subject.

Let y=f(x)y = \mathrm{f}(x).
y=x−1xy = \frac{x-1}{x}
xy=x−1xy = x - 1
x−xy=1x - xy = 1
x(1−y)=1x(1 - y) = 1
x=11−yx = \frac{1}{1-y}
Therefore, the rule is f−1(x)=11−x\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{1-x}.

2. Determine the domain of $\mathrm{f}^{-1}$ by finding the range of $\mathrm{f}$.

The domain of f−1\mathrm{f}^{-1} is exactly the range of f\mathrm{f}.
Rewrite f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) as:
y=1−1xy = 1 - \frac{1}{x}
Since x∈Rx \in \mathbb{R} and x≠0x \neq 0, the term 1x≠0\frac{1}{x} \neq 0, which implies y≠1y \neq 1.
Additionally, we are given the domain restriction x≠1x \neq 1. Substituting x=1x = 1 into 1−1x1 - \frac{1}{x} would give 00, so y≠0y \neq 0.
Hence, the range of f\mathrm{f} is R∖{0,1}\mathbb{R} \setminus \{0, 1\}.

3. State the complete formal definition of $\mathrm{f}^{-1}$.

Combining the rule and the established domain, we state the definition in mapping notation:
f−1:x↦11−x,x∈R,x≠0,x≠1\mathrm{f}^{-1} : x \mapsto \frac{1}{1-x}, \quad x \in \mathbb{R}, x \neq 0, x \neq 1

Answer

f−1:x↦11−x,x∈R,x≠0,x≠1\mathrm{f}^{-1} : x \mapsto \frac{1}{1-x}, \quad x \in \mathbb{R}, x \neq 0, x \neq 1

4(ii)

1. Determine the range of $\mathrm{f}$ and verify the condition for the existence of $\mathrm{f}^2$.

Df=R∖{0,1}\mathrm{D}_\mathrm{f} = \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0, 1\}
Let y=x−1x  ⟹  xy=x−1  ⟹  x(1−y)=1  ⟹  x=11−yy = \frac{x-1}{x} \implies xy = x - 1 \implies x(1-y) = 1 \implies x = \frac{1}{1-y}.
For xx to be a real number and x≠0x \neq 0, we require y≠1y \neq 1.
Additionally, since x≠1x \neq 1, we have 11−y≠1  ⟹  1−y≠1  ⟹  y≠0\frac{1}{1-y} \neq 1 \implies 1 - y \neq 1 \implies y \neq 0.
Thus, the range is Rf=R∖{0,1}\mathrm{R}_\mathrm{f} = \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0, 1\}.
Since Rf⊆Df\mathrm{R}_\mathrm{f} \subseteq \mathrm{D}_\mathrm{f} (they are exactly equal), the composite function f2\mathrm{f}^2 exists.

2. Evaluate the composite function $\mathrm{f}^2(x)$.

f2(x)=f(x−1x)\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \mathrm{f}\left(\frac{x-1}{x}\right)
f2(x)=x−1x−1x−1x\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \frac{\frac{x-1}{x} - 1}{\frac{x-1}{x}}
f2(x)=x−1−xxx−1x\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \frac{\frac{x - 1 - x}{x}}{\frac{x-1}{x}}
f2(x)=−1x−1=11−x\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \frac{-1}{x-1} = \frac{1}{1-x}

3. Compare $\mathrm{f}^2(x)$ with $\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x)$ to complete the proof.

From part (i) or the rearrangement in Step 1 where x=11−yx = \frac{1}{1-y}, the inverse function is:
f−1(x)=11−x\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{1-x}
Since f2(x)=11−x\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \frac{1}{1-x} and f−1(x)=11−x\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{1-x}, it follows that:
f2(x)=f−1(x) (shown)\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \mathrm{f}^{-1}(x) \text{ (shown)}

Answer

Shown that Rf⊆Df\mathrm{R}_\mathrm{f} \subseteq \mathrm{D}_\mathrm{f} and evaluated f2(x)=11−x=f−1(x)\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \frac{1}{1-x} = \mathrm{f}^{-1}(x).

4(iii)

1. Determine $\mathrm{f}^3(x)$ using the result from part (ii)

From part (ii), we know that f2(x)=f−1(x)\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \mathrm{f}^{-1}(x).
Therefore, f3(x)=f(f2(x))=f(f−1(x))\mathrm{f}^3(x) = \mathrm{f}(\mathrm{f}^2(x)) = \mathrm{f}(\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x)).
Since applying a function to its inverse yields the original input, we have:
f3(x)=x\mathrm{f}^3(x) = x

Answer

xx

4(iv)

1. Concisely establish the expressions for $\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x)$ and $\mathrm{f}^3(x)$ from earlier parts.

Let y=x−1x  ⟹  xy=x−1  ⟹  x(1−y)=1  ⟹  x=11−yy = \frac{x-1}{x} \implies xy = x - 1 \implies x(1-y) = 1 \implies x = \frac{1}{1-y}.
Thus, f−1(x)=11−x\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{1-x}.
From part (ii), since f2(x)=f−1(x)\mathrm{f}^2(x) = \mathrm{f}^{-1}(x), we have:
f3(x)=f(f2(x))=f(f−1(x))=x\mathrm{f}^3(x) = \mathrm{f}(\mathrm{f}^2(x)) = \mathrm{f}(\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x)) = x.

2. Simplify the equation by finding the periodic pattern of the composite function.

Since f3(x)=x\mathrm{f}^3(x) = x, applying f\mathrm{f} three times acts as an identity function.
2014=3(671)+12014 = 3(671) + 1
Therefore, f2014(x)=f3(671)+1(x)=f(x)\mathrm{f}^{2014}(x) = \mathrm{f}^{3(671)+1}(x) = \mathrm{f}(x).
The given equation becomes f(g(x))=1−e−x\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{g}(x)) = 1 - \mathrm{e}^{-x}.

3. Solve for $\mathrm{g}(x)$ by applying the inverse function.

g(x)=f−1(1−e−x)\mathrm{g}(x) = \mathrm{f}^{-1}(1 - \mathrm{e}^{-x})
Substituting 1−e−x1 - \mathrm{e}^{-x} into f−1(x)=11−x\mathrm{f}^{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{1-x}:
g(x)=11−(1−e−x)\mathrm{g}(x) = \frac{1}{1 - (1 - \mathrm{e}^{-x})}
g(x)=1e−x=ex\mathrm{g}(x) = \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{-x}} = \mathrm{e}^x

Answer

g(x)=ex\mathrm{g}(x) = \mathrm{e}^x

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