The equation of a curve is given by 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3+3x^2y=y^3-2.

  1. (a)

    Find dydx\dfrac{dy}{dx} in terms of xx and yy, simplifying your answer.

  2. (b)

    The curve meets the line y=−xy=-x at point PP. Find

    1. (i)

      the coordinates of PP.

    2. (ii)

      the equation of the tangent at PP.

  3. (c)

    The tangent to the curve at PP cuts the xx-axis at RR and the normal to the curve at PP cuts the yy-axis at QQ. If OO denotes the origin, use the results above to give a geometrical description of the quadrilateral OQPROQPR.

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Worked solution

3(a)

1. Differentiate both sides of the given equation implicitly with respect to $x$.

ddx(4x3)+ddx(3x2y)=ddx(y3)−ddx(2)\frac{d}{dx}(4x^3) + \frac{d}{dx}(3x^2y) = \frac{d}{dx}(y^3) - \frac{d}{dx}(2)
12x2+(6xy+3x2dydx)=3y2dydx12x^2 + \left(6xy + 3x^2\frac{dy}{dx}\right) = 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx}

2. Rearrange the equation to make $\frac{dy}{dx}$ the subject and simplify.

12x2+6xy=3y2dydx−3x2dydx12x^2 + 6xy = 3y^2\frac{dy}{dx} - 3x^2\frac{dy}{dx}
3(4x2+2xy)=3(y2−x2)dydx3(4x^2 + 2xy) = 3(y^2 - x^2)\frac{dy}{dx}
dydx=3(4x2+2xy)3(y2−x2)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3(4x^2 + 2xy)}{3(y^2 - x^2)}
dydx=4x2+2xyy2−x2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4x^2 + 2xy}{y^2 - x^2}

Answer

4x2+2xyy2−x2\dfrac{4x^2 + 2xy}{y^2 - x^2}

3(b)(i)

1. Substitute the equation of the line into the equation of the curve.

Substitute y=−xy = -x into 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3 + 3x^2y = y^3 - 2:
4x3+3x2(−x)=(−x)3−24x^3 + 3x^2(-x) = (-x)^3 - 2

2. Simplify the equation to solve for $x$.

4x3−3x3=−x3−24x^3 - 3x^3 = -x^3 - 2
x3=−x3−2x^3 = -x^3 - 2
2x3=−22x^3 = -2
x3=−1x^3 = -1
x=−1x = -1

3. Calculate the corresponding $y$-coordinate and state the coordinates of $P$.

Since y=−xy = -x,
y=−(−1)=1y = -(-1) = 1
Therefore, the coordinates of PP are (−1,1)(-1, 1).

Answer

(−1,1)(-1, 1)

3(b)(ii)

1. Compute the derivative and the coordinates of $P$ (required from earlier parts).

From part (a), differentiating 4x3+3x2y=y3−24x^3+3x^2y=y^3-2 with respect to xx gives:
12x2+6xy+3x2dydx=3y2dydx12x^2 + 6xy + 3x^2 \frac{dy}{dx} = 3y^2 \frac{dy}{dx}
dydx=4x2+2xyy2−x2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4x^2 + 2xy}{y^2 - x^2}

From part (b)(i), substituting y=−xy = -x into the curve equation to find PP:
4x3+3x2(−x)=(−x)3−24x^3 + 3x^2(-x) = (-x)^3 - 2
4x3−3x3=−x3−24x^3 - 3x^3 = -x^3 - 2
2x3=−2  ⟹  x=−12x^3 = -2 \implies x = -1
Thus y=1y = 1, giving P(−1,1)P(-1, 1).

2. Evaluate the gradient of the tangent at $P$.

Substitute x=−1x = -1 and y=1y = 1 into the expression for dydx\frac{dy}{dx}:
Numerator=4(−1)2+2(−1)(1)=4−2=2\text{Numerator} = 4(-1)^2 + 2(-1)(1) = 4 - 2 = 2
Denominator=(1)2−(−1)2=1−1=0\text{Denominator} = (1)^2 - (-1)^2 = 1 - 1 = 0
Since the denominator is zero while the numerator is non-zero, the value of dydx\frac{dy}{dx} is undefined. This indicates that the tangent is a vertical line.

3. State the equation of the tangent.

A vertical line passing through P(−1,1)P(-1, 1) takes the form x=kx = k, where kk is the xx-coordinate of the point.
Thus, the equation of the tangent is:
x=−1x = -1

Answer

x=−1x = -1

3(c)

1. Determine the equation of the normal at $P$ and find the coordinates of $Q$ and $R$.

From earlier parts, PP is (−1,1)(-1, 1) and the tangent at PP is the vertical line x=−1x = -1.
Since the normal is perpendicular to the tangent, it must be the horizontal line passing through P(−1,1)P(-1, 1), which is y=1y = 1.
The tangent x=−1x = -1 cuts the xx-axis at R(−1,0)R(-1, 0).
The normal y=1y = 1 cuts the yy-axis at Q(0,1)Q(0, 1).

2. Deduce the geometrical description of the quadrilateral $OQPR$.

The vertices of the quadrilateral are O(0,0)O(0, 0), Q(0,1)Q(0, 1), P(−1,1)P(-1, 1), and R(−1,0)R(-1, 0).
The sides OQOQ and PRPR are vertical with a length of 1 unit.
The sides QPQP and RORO are horizontal with a length of 1 unit.
Since adjacent sides are parallel to the perpendicular xx and yy axes, all internal angles are 90∘90^\circ and all sides are equal in length.
Therefore, OQPROQPR is a square.

Answer

OQPROQPR is a square.

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