It is given that y=sin⁡−1xcos⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} x \cos^{-1} x, where −1≤x≤1-1 \le x \le 1.

  1. (i)

    Show that 1−x2dydx=cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x.

  2. (ii)

    Show that (1−x2)d2ydx2−xdydx=−2(1-x^2) \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - x \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2.

  3. (iii)

    Hence find the exact value of AA, BB and CC if yy can be expressed as Ax+Bx2+Cx3Ax + Bx^2 + Cx^3, up to (and including) the term in x3x^3.

  4. (iv)

    A student used (iii) to estimate that sin⁡−1(0.8)cos⁡−1(0.8)≈0.8A+0.82B+0.83C\sin^{-1}(0.8)\cos^{-1}(0.8) \approx 0.8A + 0.8^2 B + 0.8^3 C. Explain, with working, if his estimate is a good one.

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Worked solution

4(i)

1. Differentiate $y$ with respect to $x$ using the product rule and standard derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions.

y=sin⁡−1xcos⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} x \cos^{-1} x
dydx=(11−x2)cos⁡−1x+sin⁡−1x(−11−x2)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \right) \cos^{-1} x + \sin^{-1} x \left( \frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \right)

2. Simplify the expression and rearrange it to match the required form.

dydx=cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x1−x2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{\cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
1−x2dydx=cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x

Answer

1−x2dydx=cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x (Shown)

4(ii)

1. Differentiate both sides with respect to $x$, applying the product rule on the left hand side.

Differentiating 1−x2dydx=cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x with respect to xx:
1−x2d2ydx2+dydx(121−x2)(−2x)=ddx(cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x)\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} + \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \left( \frac{1}{2\sqrt{1-x^2}} \right)(-2x) = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(\cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x)
1−x2d2ydx2−x1−x2dydx=ddx(cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x)\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(\cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x)

2. Differentiate the inverse trigonometric functions on the right hand side, then simplify the equation to the required form.

Since ddx(sin⁡−1x)=11−x2\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(\sin^{-1} x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} and ddx(cos⁡−1x)=−11−x2\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(\cos^{-1} x) = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}:
1−x2d2ydx2−x1−x2dydx=−11−x2−11−x2\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
1−x2d2ydx2−x1−x2dydx=−21−x2\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{2}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
Multiplying both sides by 1−x2\sqrt{1-x^2}:
(1−x2)d2ydx2−xdydx=−2(shown)(1-x^2) \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - x \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2 \quad \text{(shown)}

Answer

\text{Shown}

4(iii)

1. Evaluate the first derivative at $x = 0$ to find $A$.

From (i), 1−x2dydx=cos⁡−1x−sin⁡−1x\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \cos^{-1} x - \sin^{-1} x.
Substituting x=0x = 0:
1−0dydx∣x=0=cos⁡−1(0)−sin⁡−1(0)\sqrt{1-0} \left. \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right|_{x=0} = \cos^{-1}(0) - \sin^{-1}(0)
y′(0)=π2−0=π2y'(0) = \frac{\pi}{2} - 0 = \frac{\pi}{2}
By definition of Maclaurin series, A=y′(0)=π2A = y'(0) = \frac{\pi}{2}.

2. Evaluate the second derivative at $x = 0$ to find $B$.

From (ii), (1−x2)d2ydx2−xdydx=−2(1-x^2) \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - x \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2.
Substituting x=0x = 0:
(1−0)y′′(0)−0=−2(1-0)y''(0) - 0 = -2
y′′(0)=−2y''(0) = -2
By definition of Maclaurin series, B=y′′(0)2!=−22=−1B = \frac{y''(0)}{2!} = \frac{-2}{2} = -1.

3. Differentiate the equation in (ii) implicitly to find an expression involving the third derivative.

Differentiating (1−x2)d2ydx2−xdydx=−2(1-x^2) \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - x \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2 with respect to xx:
(1−x2)d3ydx3+(−2x)d2ydx2−(xd2ydx2+dydx)=0(1-x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3} + (-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - \left(x\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} + \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}\right) = 0
(1−x2)d3ydx3−3xd2ydx2−dydx=0(1-x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3} - 3x\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0

4. Evaluate the third derivative at $x = 0$ to find $C$.

Substituting x=0x = 0 into the differentiated equation:
(1−0)y′′′(0)−0−y′(0)=0(1-0)y'''(0) - 0 - y'(0) = 0
y′′′(0)=y′(0)=π2y'''(0) = y'(0) = \frac{\pi}{2}
By definition of Maclaurin series, C=y′′′(0)3!=π/26=π12C = \frac{y'''(0)}{3!} = \frac{\pi/2}{6} = \frac{\pi}{12}.

Answer

A=π2A = \frac{\pi}{2}, B=−1B = -1, C=π12C = \frac{\pi}{12}

4(iv)

1. Concisely calculate the constants $A$, $B$, and $C$ from part (iii).

At x=0x=0, y(0)=0y(0) = 0.
From (i), y′(0)=π2y'(0) = \frac{\pi}{2}.
From (ii), y′′(0)=−2y''(0) = -2.
Differentiating (ii): (1−x2)y′′′−3xy′′−y′=0(1-x^2)y''' - 3xy'' - y' = 0.
At x=0x=0, y′′′(0)−y′(0)=0  ⟹  y′′′(0)=π2y'''(0) - y'(0) = 0 \implies y'''(0) = \frac{\pi}{2}.
The Maclaurin series is y≈y(0)+y′(0)x+y′′(0)2!x2+y′′′(0)3!x3=π2x−x2+π12x3y \approx y(0) + y'(0)x + \frac{y''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \frac{y'''(0)}{3!}x^3 = \frac{\pi}{2}x - x^2 + \frac{\pi}{12}x^3.
Thus, A=π2A = \frac{\pi}{2}, B=−1B = -1, C=π12C = \frac{\pi}{12}.

2. Calculate the student's estimated value for $x = 0.8$.

Estimate=π2(0.8)−(0.8)2+π12(0.8)3\text{Estimate} = \frac{\pi}{2}(0.8) - (0.8)^2 + \frac{\pi}{12}(0.8)^3
=0.4π−0.64+16π375≈0.751= 0.4\pi - 0.64 + \frac{16\pi}{375} \approx 0.751

3. Calculate the exact value of the expression at $x = 0.8$.

Exact value=sin⁡−1(0.8)cos⁡−1(0.8)\text{Exact value} = \sin^{-1}(0.8) \cos^{-1}(0.8)
≈(0.927295)(0.643501)≈0.597\approx (0.927295)(0.643501) \approx 0.597

4. Compare the exact and estimated values to conclude if the estimate is good.

The exact value (0.5970.597) differs significantly from the estimated value (0.7510.751). Thus, the estimate is not a good one. This is expected because the Maclaurin series approximation is most accurate near x=0x = 0, and 0.80.8 is not sufficiently small.

Answer

His estimate is not a good one because x=0.8x = 0.8 is not sufficiently close to 00, resulting in a significant difference between the exact value (0.5970.597) and the estimated value (0.7510.751).

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