The cubic equation x3+ax2+bx+c=0x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where aa, bb and cc are constants, has roots 3+i3 + \mathrm{i} and 22.

  1. (i)

    One JC2 student remarked that the third root is 3−i3 - \mathrm{i}. State a necessary assumption the student made in order that the remark is true.

  2. (ii)

    Given that the assumption in part (i) holds, find the values of aa, bb and cc.

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Worked solution

3(i)

1. Identify the condition for complex roots to occur in conjugate pairs

By the Complex Conjugate Root Theorem, if a polynomial has a non-real complex root, its complex conjugate is also a root if and only if all the coefficients of the polynomial are real numbers.
Since the leading coefficient is 11 (a real number), the required assumption for the root 3−i3 - \mathrm{i} to exist alongside 3+i3 + \mathrm{i} is that the remaining coefficients aa, bb, and cc must be real numbers.

Answer

The constants aa, bb and cc are real numbers.

3(ii)

1. State all three roots of the cubic equation based on the given assumption.

Given that the assumption in part (i) holds, the coefficients aa, bb, and cc are real numbers. Therefore, the complex roots must occur in conjugate pairs. The three roots are 22, 3+i3+\mathrm{i}, and 3−i3-\mathrm{i}.

2. Form the quadratic factor corresponding to the complex conjugate roots.

(x−(3+i))(x−(3−i))=((x−3)−i)((x−3)+i)=(x−3)2−i2=(x2−6x+9)−(−1)=x2−6x+10\begin{aligned} (x - (3+\mathrm{i}))(x - (3-\mathrm{i})) &= ((x-3) - \mathrm{i})((x-3) + \mathrm{i}) \\ &= (x-3)^2 - \mathrm{i}^2 \\ &= (x^2 - 6x + 9) - (-1) \\ &= x^2 - 6x + 10 \end{aligned}

3. Multiply the quadratic factor by the linear factor to form the cubic polynomial.

(x−2)(x2−6x+10)=x(x2−6x+10)−2(x2−6x+10)=x3−6x2+10x−2x2+12x−20=x3−8x2+22x−20\begin{aligned} (x-2)(x^2 - 6x + 10) &= x(x^2 - 6x + 10) - 2(x^2 - 6x + 10) \\ &= x^3 - 6x^2 + 10x - 2x^2 + 12x - 20 \\ &= x^3 - 8x^2 + 22x - 20 \end{aligned}

4. Compare coefficients with the given cubic equation to find $a$, $b$, and $c$.

Comparing x3−8x2+22x−20=0x^3 - 8x^2 + 22x - 20 = 0 with x3+ax2+bx+c=0x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c = 0, we get:
a=−8a = -8
b=22b = 22
c=−20c = -20

Answer

a=−8a = -8, b=22b = 22, c=−20c = -20

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