It is given that y=e−xln⁡(1−2x)y = \mathrm{e}^{-x}\ln(1-2x).

  1. (i)

    Show that (1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−y(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x) and hence show that
    (1−2x)d2ydx2=2dydx+4e−x+(3−2x)y.(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)y .

  2. (ii)

    Hence find the Maclaurin series for yy up to and including the term in x3x^3.

  3. (iii)

    Verify that the same result is obtained if the standard series expansions for ex\mathrm{e}^x and ln⁡(1+x)\ln(1+x) are used.

Work through it with AI →

It won't just hand you the answer — it asks where you're stuck.How the checker works

Worked solution

8(i)

1. Find the first derivative of $y$ with respect to $x$ using the product rule.

Given y=e−xln⁡(1−2x)y = \mathrm{e}^{-x}\ln(1-2x), differentiate with respect to xx:
dydx=e−x(−21−2x)+ln⁡(1−2x)(−e−x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \mathrm{e}^{-x} \left( \frac{-2}{1-2x} \right) + \ln(1-2x) \left( -\mathrm{e}^{-x} \right)
dydx=−2e−x1−2x−e−xln⁡(1−2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{-2\mathrm{e}^{-x}}{1-2x} - \mathrm{e}^{-x}\ln(1-2x)

2. Multiply by $(1-2x)$ and substitute $y$ back into the equation to show the first target.

Multiply the entire equation by (1−2x)(1-2x):
(1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−(1−2x)e−xln⁡(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - (1-2x)\mathrm{e}^{-x}\ln(1-2x)
Since y=e−xln⁡(1−2x)y = \mathrm{e}^{-x}\ln(1-2x), substitute yy back into the right side:
(1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−y(1−2x)(Shown)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x) \quad \text{(Shown)}

3. Differentiate the new implicit equation with respect to $x$.

Differentiate (1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−y(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x) implicitly with respect to xx. Applying the product rule to both (1−2x)dydx(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} and y(1−2x)y(1-2x):
(1−2x)d2ydx2+(−2)dydx=2e−x−(y(−2)+(1−2x)dydx)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} + (-2)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - \left( y(-2) + (1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right)
(1−2x)d2ydx2−2dydx=2e−x+2y−(1−2x)dydx(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 2\mathrm{e}^{-x} + 2y - (1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}

4. Substitute the first target result back in and rearrange to match the final target.

Substitute (1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−y(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x) into the right-hand side to simplify the expression:
(1−2x)d2ydx2−2dydx=2e−x+2y−(−2e−x−y(1−2x))(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 2\mathrm{e}^{-x} + 2y - \left( -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x) \right)
(1−2x)d2ydx2−2dydx=2e−x+2y+2e−x+y(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 2\mathrm{e}^{-x} + 2y + 2\mathrm{e}^{-x} + y(1-2x)
Group and simplify the terms on the right:
(1−2x)d2ydx2−2dydx=4e−x+2y+y−2xy(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + 2y + y - 2xy
(1−2x)d2ydx2−2dydx=4e−x+(3−2x)y(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)y
Rearrange to isolate (1−2x)d2ydx2(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}:
(1−2x)d2ydx2=2dydx+4e−x+(3−2x)y(Shown)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)y \quad \text{(Shown)}

Answer

\text{Both equations shown correctly.}

8(ii)

1. Evaluate the function and its first two derivatives at $x=0$ using the given equations.

y(0)=e0ln⁡(1)=0y(0) = \mathrm{e}^{0}\ln(1) = 0

Substitute x=0,y=0x=0, y=0 into the first equation (1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−y(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x):
1⋅y′(0)=−2(1)−0  ⟹  y′(0)=−21 \cdot y'(0) = -2(1) - 0 \implies y'(0) = -2

Substitute x=0,y=0,y′=−2x=0, y=0, y'=-2 into the second equation (1−2x)d2ydx2=2dydx+4e−x+(3−2x)y(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)y:
1⋅y′′(0)=2(−2)+4(1)+3(0)=−4+4  ⟹  y′′(0)=01 \cdot y''(0) = 2(-2) + 4(1) + 3(0) = -4 + 4 \implies y''(0) = 0

2. Differentiate the second derivative equation implicitly with respect to $x$ to find an expression for the third derivative.

Differentiating both sides of (1−2x)d2ydx2=2dydx+4e−x+(3−2x)y(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)y with respect to xx using the product rule:
(1−2x)d3ydx3−2d2ydx2=2d2ydx2−4e−x+(3−2x)dydx−2y(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} - 2y

3. Evaluate the third derivative at $x=0$.

Substitute x=0,y=0,y′=−2x=0, y=0, y'=-2, and y′′=0y''=0 into the new equation:
(1)y′′′(0)−2(0)=2(0)−4(1)+3(−2)−2(0)(1)y'''(0) - 2(0) = 2(0) - 4(1) + 3(-2) - 2(0)
y′′′(0)=−4−6=−10y'''(0) = -4 - 6 = -10

4. Construct the Maclaurin series up to the $x^3$ term.

Using the Maclaurin series formula y=y(0)+y′(0)x+y′′(0)2!x2+y′′′(0)3!x3+…y = y(0) + y'(0)x + \frac{y''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \frac{y'''(0)}{3!}x^3 + \dots
y=0+(−2)x+02!x2+−103!x3+…y = 0 + (-2)x + \frac{0}{2!}x^2 + \frac{-10}{3!}x^3 + \dots
y=−2x−106x3y = -2x - \frac{10}{6}x^3
y≈−2x−53x3y \approx -2x - \frac{5}{3}x^3

Answer

−2x−53x3-2x - \frac{5}{3}x^3

8(iii)

1. Concisely obtain the result from part (ii) by evaluating the derivatives at $x=0$, as it is required for verification.

When x=0x = 0, y=e0ln⁡(1)=0y = \mathrm{e}^{0}\ln(1) = 0.
From part (i), (1−2x)dydx=−2e−x−y(1−2x)(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -2\mathrm{e}^{-x} - y(1-2x). Substituting x=0x=0 gives 1⋅y′(0)=−2−0  ⟹  y′(0)=−21 \cdot y'(0) = -2 - 0 \implies y'(0) = -2.
Also from part (i), (1−2x)d2ydx2=2dydx+4e−x+(3−2x)y(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)y.
Substituting x=0x=0 gives 1⋅y′′(0)=2(−2)+4+0  ⟹  y′′(0)=01 \cdot y''(0) = 2(-2) + 4 + 0 \implies y''(0) = 0.
Differentiating the second equation with respect to xx:
(1−2x)d3ydx3−2d2ydx2=2d2ydx2−4e−x+(3−2x)dydx−2y(1-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3} - 2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 4\mathrm{e}^{-x} + (3-2x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} - 2y
Substituting x=0x=0 gives 1⋅y′′′(0)−0=0−4+3(−2)−0  ⟹  y′′′(0)=−101 \cdot y'''(0) - 0 = 0 - 4 + 3(-2) - 0 \implies y'''(0) = -10.
Hence, the series from part (ii) is:
y=y(0)+y′(0)x+y′′(0)2!x2+y′′′(0)3!x3=−2x−106x3=−2x−53x3y = y(0) + y'(0)x + \frac{y''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \frac{y'''(0)}{3!}x^3 = -2x - \frac{10}{6}x^3 = -2x - \frac{5}{3}x^3

2. Write out the standard Maclaurin series expansions for $\mathrm{e}^{-x}$ and $\ln(1-2x)$ up to the term in $x^3$.

Using the standard series ex=1+x+x22!+x33!+…\mathrm{e}^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \dots and ln⁡(1+x)=x−x22+x33−…\ln(1+x) = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} - \dots:

e−x=1+(−x)+(−x)22!+(−x)33!+…\mathrm{e}^{-x} = 1 + (-x) + \frac{(-x)^2}{2!} + \frac{(-x)^3}{3!} + \dots
e−x=1−x+12x2−16x3+…\mathrm{e}^{-x} = 1 - x + \frac{1}{2}x^2 - \frac{1}{6}x^3 + \dots

ln⁡(1−2x)=(−2x)−(−2x)22+(−2x)33−…\ln(1-2x) = (-2x) - \frac{(-2x)^2}{2} + \frac{(-2x)^3}{3} - \dots
ln⁡(1−2x)=−2x−4x22−8x33−⋯=−2x−2x2−83x3−…\ln(1-2x) = -2x - \frac{4x^2}{2} - \frac{8x^3}{3} - \dots = -2x - 2x^2 - \frac{8}{3}x^3 - \dots

3. Multiply the two series expansions up to the $x^3$ term to verify the result.

y=(1−x+12x2−16x3+… )(−2x−2x2−83x3−… )y = \left( 1 - x + \frac{1}{2}x^2 - \frac{1}{6}x^3 + \dots \right)\left( -2x - 2x^2 - \frac{8}{3}x^3 - \dots \right)
Expanding and ignoring terms with powers of xx greater than 3:
y≈1(−2x−2x2−83x3)−x(−2x−2x2)+12x2(−2x)y \approx 1\left( -2x - 2x^2 - \frac{8}{3}x^3 \right) - x\left( -2x - 2x^2 \right) + \frac{1}{2}x^2\left( -2x \right)
y≈−2x−2x2−83x3+2x2+2x3−x3y \approx -2x - 2x^2 - \frac{8}{3}x^3 + 2x^2 + 2x^3 - x^3
y≈−2x+(−2+2)x2+(−83+2−1)x3y \approx -2x + \left( -2 + 2 \right)x^2 + \left( -\frac{8}{3} + 2 - 1 \right)x^3
y≈−2x−53x3y \approx -2x - \frac{5}{3}x^3
This is identically the result obtained in part (ii), verifying the standard series expansions yield the same result.

Answer

y=−2x−53x3y = -2x - \frac{5}{3}x^3, which is the same result.

AI analysis — may contain mistakes.

Worked this one out on paper? Snap your steps and Gigle's AI math checker will circle the step where it went wrong.

More questions on this topic

  1. 1It is given that y=1+tan⁡−12xy = \sqrt{1 + \tan^{-1} 2x} where −12<x<12-\frac{1}{2} < x < \frac{1}{2}. Show that yd2ydx2+(dydx)2+8x(1+4x2)2=0.y \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} + \left(\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}\right)^2 + \frac{8x}{(1 + 4x^2)^2} = 0.…
  2. 2Given that y=tan⁡−115xy = \tan^{-1} \dfrac{1}{5} x, show that (25+x2)d2ydx2+2xdydx=0\left(25 + x^2\right) \dfrac{d^2 y}{dx^2} + 2x \dfrac{dy}{dx} = 0…
  3. 3It is given that ey=2+ex\text{e}^y = 2 + \text{e}^x. Show that d2ydx2+(dydx)2=dydx\frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} + \left(\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}\right)^2 = \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}…
  4. 4It is given that y=1+tan⁡xy = \sqrt{1+\tan x}. Show that 2y dydx=1+(y2−1)22y\,\dfrac{dy}{dx} = 1 + (y^{2}-1)^{2} and y d2ydx2+(dydx)2=2y(y2−1)(dydx).y\,\dfrac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} + \left(\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right)^{2} = 2y(y^{2}-1)\left(\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right).…
  5. 5It is given that y=sin⁡(ex−1)y = \sin\left(e^x - 1\right). Show that d2ydx2=dydx−ye2x\dfrac{d^2 y}{dx^2} = \dfrac{dy}{dx} - ye^{2x}. Hence, find…