It is given that dydx=x+5y2\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{x+5}{y^2} and when x=0x=0, y=5y=5. Find the Maclaurin's series expansion for yy, up to and including the term in x3x^3, leaving the coefficients in exact form.

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Worked solution

2

1. Evaluate the first derivative at $x=0$.

Given the differential equation:
dydx=x+5y2\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{x+5}{y^2}
Substitute x=0x=0 and y=5y=5:
dydx∣x=0=0+552=15\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \bigg|_{x=0} = \frac{0+5}{5^2} = \frac{1}{5}

2. Rearrange and differentiate the equation implicitly to find an expression for the second derivative.

Rearranging the equation to avoid the quotient rule:
y2dydx=x+5y^2 \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = x + 5
Differentiating implicitly with respect to xx using the product and chain rules:
2y(dydx)2+y2d2ydx2=12y \left( \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \right)^2 + y^2 \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = 1

3. Evaluate the second derivative at $x=0$.

Substitute x=0x=0, y=5y=5, and dydx=15\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{1}{5} into the second derivative equation:
2(5)(15)2+(5)2d2ydx2=12(5)\left(\frac{1}{5}\right)^2 + (5)^2 \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = 1
10(125)+25d2ydx2=110\left(\frac{1}{25}\right) + 25 \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = 1
25+25d2ydx2=1\frac{2}{5} + 25 \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = 1
25d2ydx2=3525 \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = \frac{3}{5}
d2ydx2∣x=0=3125\frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} \bigg|_{x=0} = \frac{3}{125}

4. Differentiate implicitly again to find an expression for the third derivative.

Differentiate 2y(dydx)2+y2d2ydx2=12y \left( \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \right)^2 + y^2 \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = 1 with respect to xx:
2dydx(dydx)2+2y(2dydxd2ydx2)+2ydydxd2ydx2+y2d3ydx3=02 \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \left( \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \right)^2 + 2y \left( 2 \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} \right) + 2y \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} + y^2 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = 0
Simplifying the terms:
2(dydx)3+6ydydxd2ydx2+y2d3ydx3=02 \left( \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \right)^3 + 6y \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} \frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} + y^2 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = 0

5. Evaluate the third derivative at $x=0$.

Substitute y=5y=5, dydx=15\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{1}{5}, and d2ydx2=3125\frac{\text{d}^2y}{\text{d}x^2} = \frac{3}{125}:
2(15)3+6(5)(15)(3125)+(5)2d3ydx3=02 \left( \frac{1}{5} \right)^3 + 6(5)\left( \frac{1}{5} \right)\left( \frac{3}{125} \right) + (5)^2 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = 0
2(1125)+6(3125)+25d3ydx3=02 \left( \frac{1}{125} \right) + 6 \left( \frac{3}{125} \right) + 25 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = 0
2125+18125+25d3ydx3=0\frac{2}{125} + \frac{18}{125} + 25 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = 0
20125+25d3ydx3=0\frac{20}{125} + 25 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = 0
25d3ydx3=−42525 \frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} = -\frac{4}{25}
d3ydx3∣x=0=−4625\frac{\text{d}^3y}{\text{d}x^3} \bigg|_{x=0} = -\frac{4}{625}

6. Construct the Maclaurin's series expansion using the evaluated derivatives.

The Maclaurin's series formula is:
y=y(0)+y′(0)x+y′′(0)2!x2+y′′′(0)3!x3+…y = y(0) + y'(0)x + \frac{y''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \frac{y'''(0)}{3!}x^3 + \dots
Substituting the values obtained:
y=5+(15)x+(3125)2x2+(−4625)6x3+…y = 5 + \left(\frac{1}{5}\right)x + \frac{\left(\frac{3}{125}\right)}{2}x^2 + \frac{\left(-\frac{4}{625}\right)}{6}x^3 + \dots
y=5+15x+3250x2−43750x3+…y = 5 + \frac{1}{5}x + \frac{3}{250}x^2 - \frac{4}{3750}x^3 + \dots
y=5+15x+3250x2−21875x3y = 5 + \frac{1}{5}x + \frac{3}{250}x^2 - \frac{2}{1875}x^3

Answer

y=5+15x+3250x2−21875x3y = 5 + \frac{1}{5}x + \frac{3}{250}x^2 - \frac{2}{1875}x^3

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